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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）O
2、ne-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正
3、的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, gr
4、ow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）The machine
5、must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five
6、.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：
7、英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We foun
8、d everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progre
9、ss in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词
10、组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the
11、 dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tire
12、d that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）（九）补语：补足主语和宾语意义的句子成分，补足主语意义的句子叫主语补足语(也叫表语)，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫宾语补足语。可作补语的词有形容词，名词，不定式，分词，介词短语等。 They named him Jimmy.(名词作补语） What you said makes me angry.(形容词作补语） Mary asked me to go with her.(不
13、定式作补语） We heard her singing in the garden.（分词作补语） Everything was in good condition.(介词短语作补语） 练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early
14、 in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
15、13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the
16、room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、选择填空：( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( )2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold( )3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C
17、. nicely D. sweet( )4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )6. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( )7.I think _necessary
18、to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is 二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（说明一种事实或陈述一种看法）：Light travels faster than sound.2）疑问句（提出问题，共有四种）：a.一般疑问句Do they like skating?b.特殊疑问句How do you know that?c.选择疑问句Do you want tea or coffee?d.反意疑问句He doesnt know her,does she?3）祈使句（表示请求，建议或
19、发出命令）Dont talk in class4）感叹句（表示说话人惊奇，喜悦，愤怒等情绪）2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语和一个谓语。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.2) 并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。 e.g.The food is good, but I had little appetite.3）复合句：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。复合句包括：名词性从句（主
20、语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The film had begun when we got to the cinema.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主+系+表：e.g. He is a student.2、主+不及物动词：e.g. We work.3、主+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各
21、种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a li
22、ttle man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history
23、on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.二、选择填空：1. Give me one more minut
24、e _ Ill be able to finish it.A. andB. orC. ifD. so2. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again!A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. What an3. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. orB. forC. whileD. so4. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have di
25、nner at home? - Id like to go out. A. orB. andC. butD. so5. _ friendly _ to everyone!A. How, is sheB. What, is she C. How, she isD. What, she is6. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.A. orB. soC. forD. yet7. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. was makingB. makesC. is makingD. made8
26、. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A. butB. andC. orD. yet9. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. If you tell me10. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred po
27、unds.A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he11.- I thought you had an umbrella. - I had, _ Ive lost it.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so 感叹句一what 引导的感叹句结构： What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 其它! What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数/不可数名词 + 其它! a.What a great pity you missed the lecture !你错过了讲座真是太遗憾了! b.What interesting books you boug
28、ht us!你给我们买的书真有趣! c.What fine weather it is!多么晴朗的天气呀!二.how 引导的感叹句结构： How + 形容词 + 主语 + 谓语! How + 副词 + 主语 + 谓语! a. How beautiful the flowers are!这些花是多么美丽呀! b.How heavily it is raining!雨下得是多么大呀! how 和 what 都用来引导感叹句,区别? how 在这里是一个副词,用来修饰形容词和副词；而 what 是用来修饰名词的,所以即使是同样的句子,how 和 what 引导的句子结构是不一样的.请看下列例句： a. 多美丽的一朵玫瑰花呀!How beautiful a rose it is!What a beautiful rose it is!b.多晴朗的天气呀!How sunny the weather is!What sunny weather it is!c.这些学生是多么聪明呀!How clever the students are!What clever students they are!专心-专注-专业