高考英语作文评分标准及写作的基本原则(共13页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 高考英语作文评分标准及写作的基本原则专心-专注-专业一高考评分标准 高考作文采用总体评分方式,集中在以下四个方面:第一,覆盖了题目提出的所有内容要点和要求;第二,应用了较多的语法结构和词汇,内容比较丰富;第三,在使用复杂结构或高级词汇时允许有些许错误;第四,有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,全文结构紧凑流畅。 高考英语作文完美行文四步骤STEP1:确定文章框架,包括:时态、语态、格式、展开方式、开头结尾等。STEP2:确定内容要点,包括:主要人物、时间地点、重要细节、合理发挥等。STEP3:正式开始写作,整理思路成篇,行文连贯。STEP4:及粗心犯下的错误. (一)评分

2、原则 评分时先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。档次少于80和多于120的,从总分中减去2分。评分时应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。 如书写较差以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。 (二)各档次的给分范围和要求 (满分分别为25分,30分)第一档 (2125分 2530分)完全完成了试题规定的任务、完全达到了预期的写作目的。 覆盖所有内容要点 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。 为尽力使用较复

3、杂结构或较高级词汇,具备较强的语言运用能力,但语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误。 有效使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。第二档 (1620分 1924分)完成了试题规定的任务,达到了预期的写作目的。 虽漏掉一两个次重点,但覆盖所以主要内容。 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂结构或词汇所致。应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。第三档 (1115分 1318分)基本完成了试题规定的任务,整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的。 虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 有一些语法结构和词汇方面

4、的错误,但不影响理解。 应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文内容连贯。第四档 (610分 712分) 未恰当完成试题规定的任务,信息未能清楚地传达给读者。 漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。 语法结构单调,词汇项目有限。 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。 较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。第五档 (15分 16分)未完成试题规定的任务。信息未能传达给读者。 明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。 语法结构单调,词汇项目有限。 较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。 缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。第六档 0分未能

5、传达给读者任何信息:内容太少,无法评判;写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。另外对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。高考高分英语作文,是如何吸引阅卷老师的?大多数考生写作文,都是以“写够字数”作为自己的努力方向,因此习惯性地用初一、初二的单词、语法知识堆砌自己的命运,在全省同学的作文内容差不多的情况下,老师阅卷主要靠什么依据来判分呢?其中一个依据,就是语言,也就是,你用什么样的语言来表达你的意思。比如跟朋友分别时,表达“再见”这个意思,一般人就说“再见”,而语言水平高的诗人们则会说:“孤帆远影碧空尽,唯见长江天际流。”“莫愁前路无知己,天下谁人不识君。”“桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪伦赠我情。”

6、看到了吗?同样的内容(再见),只要用不同水平的语言表达出来,给人的感觉就大不一样!而真正的“高手”应该努力尝试使用较高级的语言知识来打造自己的高分作文。这方面的技巧包括高级词汇和高级句型的高级句型。一如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”这里所说的“词汇”,包括以下几个方面 (一)“高级词汇”代替低级词汇 即:使用地道的表达(“带点洋味”)评分标准第一档次的要求中提到,“词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”,指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求,但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇,比如frustration (沮丧;失败) , awkward (不灵活的,令

7、人不舒服的),awfully (很,非常),concern (担心)等;同时尝试使用高级词汇时,把一些常用词汇进行替换,都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇,定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。1. I cant find any way to solve the problem. 换作高级词汇:I cant find any solution to the problem.2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. 换作高级词汇:The pet dog is so cute (可爱的,聪明的) th

8、at almost everybody likes her.3. The question is really difficult to understand. 换作高级词汇:The question is really confusing(令人费解的).4. He had to face all the possible difficulties. 换作高级词汇:He had to cope with all the possible difficulties.5. He is very busy. 换作高级词汇 He is as busy as a bee.6. Ive told you

9、many times.换作高级词汇Ive told you a hundred time.表面上看似乎用词太具 体了,其实a hundred time使用“夸张”修辞手法。7. Thank you for playing with us.换作地道表达 Thank you for sharing the time with us.8. I like this magazine.换作地道表达 This magazine is warmly received. (二) 多实少虚原则(单词“具体化”、多用同义词) 英语中有些词的使用频率非常高,比如interesting, clever等,在表达时大家

10、都很喜欢用,这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词,就可以做到与众不同,给评卷者带来清新的感觉。1. 单词“具体化”请先对比以下几组句子: 第一组: 【例1】I go to school everyday. 【例2】I ride to school everyday.很多同学都能感觉到例句2要比例句1好。究其原因,是例句2中的rode比例句1中的went更加具体:went只表达了“去”的意思,而rode不但表达出“去”的意思,还能表达出具体的交通方式。也就是说,例句2表达的信息量比例句1更加丰富。第二组:【例句3】Mr Wang is a good teache

11、r. 【例句4】Mr Wang is a kind, patient and knowledgeable teacher.例句3只表达出Mr Wang是一个“好”老师,而到底“好”在哪些方面,却没有具体说清楚;例句4则清楚地告诉读者,Mr Wang好在三个方面:和蔼(kind)、耐心(patient)以及知识丰(knowledgeable)。 因此,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不能空话连篇。这就要求一定多用实词,少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们想表达一个人或事物很好的时候,不应该总是用nice这样空洞的词,像这样的虚词还有kind, young, happy等,而应换

12、为具体的 generous, humorous, smart, gentle, honest, warm-hearted, hospitable (热情友好的,殷勤的)等。因为实词会使文章显得更生动,具体,让你妙笔生辉,令人耳目一新我们必须学会换用更为具体的单词表达我们的思想,如:(1) adj.学习 (黯然低分词:learn) 闪光高分词:research研究;master掌握 pick up偶然学到,顺便学到,轻松学到;(2)n.好老师 (黯然低分词:a good teacher) 闪光高分词:a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teache

13、r 一个善良、耐心、博学的老师当然,除了替换某些表意抽象的单词,我们还可以通过增加细节成分,使表达更为具体,如,例句2可以加上同伴、心情等信息,进一步改写成:【例句5】I,together with Tom and Jerry, rode to the Zhongshan park yesterday,feeling rather excited.同样的,例句4也可以加上一个定语从句,写出Mr Wang到底擅长哪些事情,如:【例句6】Mr Wang is a kind, patient and knowledgeable teacher who knows how to enlighten u

14、s students.可以看到,例句5和例句6两个句子采用“具体化”的手段,将原本毫无生气的句子顿时变得生动形象了。综上所述,想让你的表达“具体化”,一共有两种常用方法,其一,是换掉某些表意不明确的单词,换上表意更加明确具体的单词;其二,是在句中适当增加细节成分。“具体化”的好处,是让句子的含义更加丰富,让读者更容易由句子展开丰富的联想,随着作者一起经历、一起思考、一起感动。在平时的学习、训练中,与其生硬地使用超纲词汇,不如好好熟悉大纲单词,用好“具体化”的两种方法,为你的作文增光添彩。“具体化”在汉语写作中也有同样的体现。比如,要表达“惜别”的感情,光说“再见”是不够的,应该像诗人那样,用具

15、体化的细节带动感情,写出梦幻般的文字:“让我与你握别/再轻轻抽出我的手/知道思念从此生根/浮云白日/山川庄严温柔.”这就是“具体化”的作用,你体会到了吗? 2. 同义词替换 (1) goodexcellent; 例句:Its an excellent idea for you to make a foreign pen-pal. 你想交个外国笔友,这是个很棒的注意。 (2)happyjoyful; 例:We felt joyful and excited to see so many trees and flowers in the countryside. 在乡下看到这么多花和树,让我们感到

16、很开心和激动。 (3)tiredexhausted; 例:Exhausted as we were, we felt our time and effort worthwhile.虽然很累,我们仍感觉自己的时间和精力花的很值。 (4).think about take into consideration / take into account(考虑到);例句:We should take into consideration other peoples opinion. 我们应该考虑其他人的意见。 (4).importantvital(至关重要的); 例句:It is vital for u

17、s to be brave enough to face challenges in our life. 勇于面对人生挑战,对我们来说是至关重要的。 (5)It will be very interesting. It will be a lot of fun. (6)He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old. He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100at one year old. (7) Last summer

18、 I visited Xiamen with my parents. Last summer I toured Xiamen with my parents. (8)她的眼睛很迷人。 Her dark eyes are very beautiful. Her dark eyes are very attractive. (9) He was angry that she had forgotten his birthday. He was annoyed that she had forgotten his birthday. (10) I happened upon her in the s

19、treet a few days ago. I happened upon her in the street the other day. (11)He spends all his spare time in reading.换作 He devotes all his spare time to reading. (12)seek替换 want / look for. They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees. (13) Im an average (ordinary) student. (14)on替换as soon

20、 as As soon as he arrived, he began his research. On his arrival, he began his research.(15)contribute to替换 be helpful/useful Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study. Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.(16) more than替换very Im very glad to learn t

21、hat you are coming in September. Im more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.(全国卷)(17)perfect (ly) 替换good/ very well He speaks perfect ( good ) English. / He speaks English perfectly ( very well ).(18)do sb a/t

22、he favor 替换help Would you please do me the favor ( help me ) to turn down the radio?(19)the majority of替换most The majority of (Most of ) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.(20)consist of替换be made up of Our class consists of ( is made up of ) 50 students.(21)be worn ou

23、t替换 be tired / broken After five hours non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired). My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair.(21)attend to替换look after (22)on condition that替换as long as(23)nevertheless替换however(24)express ones satisfaction with替换be satisfied with (25)spare no efforts

24、to do替换try ones best to do(26)many a 替换many(27)meanwhile替换at the same time(28)get to ones feet替换stand up (29)occasionally替换sometimes /once in while(30)for instance替换for example(31)seldom替换not often(32)wealthy替换 rich(33)amazing替换surprising (34)as a matter of fact 替换in fact(35)can not but / can not he

25、lp but替换have to do I could not but (had to) go home.(37)Only 改成no one but Only Tom passed the exam last week. No one but Tom passed the exam.上面这些句子本身都在高考作文里很常用,大家可以马上结合例句,掌握这几个常见词汇的“换词”,并思考和感受“换词”技巧的神奇作用。(三)晚词和短语优先(晚词、短语优先原则)1. 晚词优先原则老师偏爱“学得晚”的单词,因为它可以体现一个人“学以致用”的意识。如果一个意思既可以用初中单词来表达,又可以用高二、高三单词来表达,

26、那尽量选择高二、高三的单词,如:(1) Adj.困难的(黯然低分词:difficult) 闪光高分词:challenging有挑战性的(2)Adj.重要的(黯然低分词:important) 闪光高分词:vital至关重要的;essential必不可少的; significant有重要意义的;(3)Adj.美丽的 (黯然低分词:beautiful) 闪光高分词:appealing动人的;attractive吸引人的; charming迷人的;fascinating迷人的【注】:以上五个词既能修饰人,又能修饰物,非常好用,务必记熟!2. 短语优先原则 (1) “巧”凑字数写作时,尤其是在考试时,如

27、果正确使用短语,好处:一是用短语会给文章增光添彩,自然会增加得分点;二是学生在考场上有时过于紧张、思维短路,但还得凑够字数,那么用短语替代一个单词不失为好办法!比如:1). I cant bear it. 可以用短语表达为: I cant put up with it.2). I want it.可以表示表达为:I am looking forward it. 3). Suddenly I had a good idea. 换作短语: Suddenly I came up with a good idea.4).Take a moment to see what is happening ar

28、ound you. 换作短语: Take a moment to see what is going on around you.5).Everyone should do his or her best. 换作短语: Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.6).The film we saw last night was very interesting. 可表达为 The film we saw last night was nothing but(除了)interesting. The film we saw last night was

29、nothing but (决不) boring.(2) adj.转化n.原则在阅卷老师看来,活用短语是一个考生能力的体现。因此,我们可以掌握一些将某些常见单词转化为短语的用法,如:(4) v.参加 (黯然低分词:join ) 闪光高分词:take part in(5) v.使用 (黯然低分词:use) 闪光高分词:make good use of(6) v.拜访 (黯然低分词:visit) 闪光高分词:pay a visit to(7)最常见的换词手段:形容词=of+同根名词黯然低分词:闪光高分词:very important重要的of great importancevery difficu

30、lt困难的of great difficultyvery beautiful美丽的of great beautyvery useful有用的of great usevery helpful有帮助的of great helpvery harmful有害的of great harmvery valuable有价值的of great valuevery significant至关重要的of great significancevery necessary必要的of great necessity二 如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构” 即:(多变句式原则)高考鼓励尽量使用复杂的语法结构。较复杂的语法结构

31、通常指以下几种情况: (一)尽量使用复杂句式,如在一句中加入定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、强调句、分词结构等。1. 名词性从句、定语从句 what引导的名词性从句:将动宾结构转化为此结构。 What he gave me, which I knew, were not only a Christmas present but also a heart full of love and a mind of my existence in it. It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is co

32、vered in the talk. ( 2004 全国卷 ) My hometown is no longer what it used to be. 高级定语从句:若定语从句中的动词带有介词,只需将介词移至先行词后。We came to a place to which they had never paid a visit before.(非限制性)定语从句 The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. The flat is in a building on

33、 Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET 2003) It was quite an experience for us both, which Ill never forget for the rest of my life. (2002 北京卷)定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用,也会让人感觉你有深厚的语法功底,又具有极强的语言表现力。如:The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I dont enjoy that book y

34、ou are reading.Mr Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.2. It做形式主语(宾语)句型 It will be + some time + before It wont be long before humans visit the Mars. It is + adj./n.+ for sb to do sth. It is very important for us to learn computer well, because it has changed our life so much.He said since i

35、t was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts.(2008年湖北卷) It is + 被强调部分 + that/who 强调句:可以轻松地将时间、地点、原因、方式等类型的状语从句转变为强调句。事实上,只要是个现成的英语句子,都能拿出某个成分出来强调一下。如:把“I like English most.”改写为“It is English that I like most.” It was not until I arrived home that I realized I

36、 had left the bag on the shop counter.It was then that I realized the importance of English. It is what Yang Liwei has done that encourages us a lot. Those who like reading extensively say it is through reading that we get our knowledge.可以看出,强调句型是用起来最方便的高考高级句型。需要注意,再厉害的句型,一旦重复次数过多,也会显得低俗。因而大家进考场前可以多

37、掌握几种高级句型,就像战士上战场前多带几发子弹一样,在最关键的地方一发一发地用到作文里去。 (二)使用英语写作中的修辞(即:变化多样的句式) 如:疑问句、祈使句、倒装句、省略句、并列句。修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段,而且运用得好,会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此,掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说,主要应该掌握以下修辞手段,又称语句辞格,包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格,转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。 1.倒装句 (1)使用“不完全倒装句”(语法结构倒

38、装)遇到否定词、形容词这两种常见的“升级标志词”时,可以将句子变成倒装句来表达。如:“I dont believe it.”变成“By no means do I believe it.”或者把“This is a beautiful flower.”变成“So beautiful is the flower that we all like it.”Only when I turned right at the crossing did that car crack towards me.Only by this means can he escape from the big fire.N

39、ot until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.Not only can the little boy speak English well, but also he can speak French fluently.The library is to the east of the teaching building. East of the teaching building is the library.Although we are tired, we are happy.Tired as we are

40、, we are happy.Only in this way can he grow to be a useful man. (2002 上海卷)(2)修辞性语义结构倒装 它是指“修辞性语义”结构倒装,是进行强调的一种手段,它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。如:The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it. 使用倒装结构:例如,如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”,可以这样表达: Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of v

41、entures and chances.May all your dreams come true! May our friendship last till the end of the universe.!(2007年湖南卷)2.被动语态恰到好处的被动句:适合应用于较简短的句子,这样显得语言简洁生动。a.将习惯使用的“用人作主语”换成“用物作主语”(亦称“无灵主语”),如把“I like English.”变成“English is my favourite subject.”或者“English attracts me a lot.”b.用动名词作主语:把“You should comm

42、unicate more with your classmates.”改写为“Communicating more with your classmates would be beneficial for you.”Searched all my pockets, but nothing was found。Opinions are divided on the question. (NMET 2002)New factories, houses and roads have been built.(2004江苏卷All classes are taught by teachers with

43、rich experience in teaching foreign students. (2004全国卷 ) 3.进行时态: 有时会含有一定情绪,尤其要使用always这样的富含感情色彩的副词。I am always feeling terrible when I take a bus.4.对比、正反对比 就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式(如:反义词)来表达互为补充的意思,同时来加强语句,实现语句的亮点。 (1)如“很多人很快就会发现,他们在物质上是富裕了,精神上却很贫乏”,可以这样达:Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods,b

44、ut ragged in spirit.(注:句中rich in与ragged in,goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。) (2)如“利远远大于弊”,可以这样表达:The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.(注:句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。)(3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理,但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”,可以这样表达:They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements,but have ignore

45、d a more important fact.(注:句中have noticed与have ignored,a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。)(4) 如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”,可以这样表达: It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.(:句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果)(5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友,又有与我们很为不同的朋友”,可以这样表达: We have

46、friends similar to us and friends different from us.(注:句中similar to与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果) 5.排比、重复,英文中有时也使用排比、重复句式 “排比”这种句式整齐而有气势,又不会使人感到单调。例如,如“读书使我们聪明,锻炼使我们强健”,可以这样表达:Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. “重复”英文一般讲求简洁,因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。 (1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”,可以这样表达:Now i

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