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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上M3U3 Back to the past Grammar and Usage 语法精析一、宾语补足语的概念在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其它的成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，这个补充成分称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。 二、宾语补足语的形式：常见的宾语补足语有以下形式: 名词, 形容词, 副词, 介词短语, 现在分词, 过去分词, 动词不定式。 例如:1. She found him a very clever boy 2. He had a strange way of making his class lively and interes
2、ting 3. Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister 4. To her surprise, she found herself in a different world. 5. I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window. 6. When he woke up, he found himself covered with a coat. 7. The villagers did not allow them to build a factory there. 三常见的几种宾语补足语
3、：1. 名词作宾补时He makes it a rule to exercise every day.People call the place the Golden Triangle. We elected him president of the country. 注意：当名词表示独一无二的职务、头衔时，作宾补的名词前通常不用冠词。2. 不定式作宾补时1)常接带to 的不定式作宾补的动词：ask/ advise / allow / permit/ forbid/ force / expect / want / wish / cause / warn / tell / order / wou
4、ld like / remind sb (not )to do等。 Our school forbids students to smoke. Please tell him not to come late.2) 常接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词：hear/ listen to / see / notice / watch / look at /observe/ feel/let / make / have etc等。 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day in the past.注意：改为被动时，要加to，let 和have不用于被动语
5、态。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by her. 3. 现在分词作宾补时强调宾补的动作正在进行，这类动词常见的有：keep / find / leave / hear / see / smell / watch / get / send等。Dont leave the water running when you brush your teeth.Polly found herself staring up at a man with his hand resting on he
6、r arm.注意：感官动词用动词原形作宾补表示动作的全过程，用现在分词作宾补表示宾补的动作正在进行。We often hear Alice sing the ABC song.The missing boy was last seen playing near the river. 4. 过去分词作宾补时宾语与宾语补足语之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系，能接过去分词作宾补的动词常见的有：get/ have /leave/ make / hear / see / watch / notice等。I had my hair cut last Sunday.The speaker raised his v
7、oice but still couldnt make himself heard.He left the door unlocked when he was away.注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补时，只表示宾补的动作已完成，不表示被动的意思。She found her wallet gone.5. 介词with 的复合结构 It is not good manners to speak with your mouth full. The city looks more beautiful with all the lights on. The woman with a baby on h
8、er back lives downstairs. With so much work to do, we cant kill any time by playing cards. With a boy leading the way, they started towards the village. With the problems settled, we all felt very happy.He died with his daughter a schoolgirl.6. 宾语补足语中常见的结构1) have sth done 使(让)某事被.； 遭受have sb/sth doi
9、ng 使(让)某人/物持续做某事 have sb do sth 使(让)某人做某事 1. I wont have you _(stand) the whole day. 2. Ill have the gardener _ (plant) some trees. 3. Who would you rather have_ (post) the letter for you? 4. He had his house _(paint) last month. 5. - Im going to shanghai for holiday. - Do you have anything _(take)
10、to your son?2) make sb +n. 使某人成为. make sb do sth 使某人做某事 make sb/sth done 使某物被.1. We made him _(captain) of our football team.2. He couldnt make himself _ (hear) above the noise of the traffic.3. What makes the grass_(grow)?4. The boy was make _(work) twelve hours a day.3) leave sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事
11、 leave sth done 留下. 被. catch sb doing sth 逮到某人正在做. find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做. find sth done 发现.被做. get/set sb doing 使某人做1. Dont leave the water_(run) when you brush your teeth.2. Polly found herself _ (stare) up at a man with his hand resting on her arm.3. He left the door _ (unlock) when he was awa
12、y.4) find/think/consider/make/feel + it +adj./n.+that/to do主谓一致(subject-verb agreement)一、名词作主语1. 某些集体名词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调每个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。这类集体名词常见的有：family, class, committee, crowd, government, group, team. 表示复数概念的集体名词有cattle，people，police, public。His family is very large. His family are m
13、usic lovers. 2. 单、复数同形的名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则。作单数意义时，谓语动词用单数，反之，谓语动词用复数。这类名词有：sheep, fish, deer, means(方法), Chinese, Japanese等。Every possible means has been tried out. All possible means have been tried out.3. 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等词语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparatio
14、ns. 4. 如果主语有more than one或many a构成，尽管从意义上看是表示复数，但它的谓语 动词仍然用单数形式。More than one comrade has asked to stay. Many a passenger was killed in the accident.5. 由every, each, many a, no等限定的单个主语由and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数，后一个限定词可省略。Every man and (every) woman is at work. 6. 表示成双成套的名词，（如chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothe
15、s, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers等，）作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如与a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series of 连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。The trousers are in the drawer. The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 7. 由kind, form, type, sort, species, series of等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。This new
16、type of buses is on show.比较: Buses of this kind are now on show.8. one, every one , each one , each , any one, either , neither of +复数名词+单数谓语动词。Neither side of the team is willing to give in.如果名词词组的中心词是all, most, some, neither, none等词，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之用单数。 The rest of the students are watering tr
17、ees. The rest of the wine has gone bad. None of the money has been spent on repairs. None of the books have/has been placed on the selves.None has/have arrived. 没有人来。9. 表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .The United Sta
18、tes is leading the world in science and technology .10. 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，（如mathematics, politics, physics）形式上是复数，实际为单数的名词。 I think physics is easy to study.11. 表示群岛, 山脉, 瀑布, 运动会等专有名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数。The Olympic Games are held once every four years. 12. the +adj 表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 The rich are not always hap
19、py.二、由连接词连接的名词作主语. and或bothand连接并列主语，表示不同概念，谓语动词常用复数。The German and the English language have something in common. 但并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时，即指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词修饰。War and peace is a constant theme in history. Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：相关名词并列表示整体概念iro
20、n and steel 钢铁 law and order 治安 bread and butter黄油面包 coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡 soda and water汽水 salt and water盐开水配套事物a watch and chain 一块带链的表 a needle and thread针线 A knife and fork is needed for a western meal.The cart and horse(马车) is coming.表示兼职或有多个称呼的人The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting
21、.两个完全重合的概念并列To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness of all.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.2. 由or, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, notbut 连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数和与它邻近的主语保持一致。Either you or I am mad.Neither you nor he is right.Not only he but also his family
22、 are friendly.3. 当主语后面跟有as well as, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, more than, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数按主语的单复数而定。Your father as well as you is very kind to me.You, rather than your teacher, are responsible for your studies.三、分数、量词作主语1. “分数或
23、百分数of名词”构成的短语及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, ”构成的短 语作主语时，谓语动词的数与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。 More than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water. One third of the students are girls in our group. 注意：a large quantity of 后加复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词的数一般由后面的名词来决定，而(large) quantities of后加复数名词或
24、不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。 A large quantity of time is needed. A large quantity of people are needed here. Large quantities of food are needed in the village.2. a great deal of / a large amount of修饰不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但large amounts of 修饰不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。 A great deal of rice was taken from the countr
25、y to the city by railway. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.3. a number of复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数： the number of复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend. The number of days in February this year is 28. 4. one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但该短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。a/an+n+and a
26、 half作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 One and a half bananas has been eaten by the child. An hour and a half is enough.四、动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语 动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 Smoking is bad for health. When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet. what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。 What we need is more time. Wha
27、t we need are good teachers.五、其它1) 倒装结构中主谓一致 Between the two windows hangs a picture.2) 强调结构中主谓一致 It is Mike who always helps me study English after class.趁热打铁一、宾语补足语练习1. Ill go to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to your father?A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. being taken 2. The salesma
28、n scolded the girl caught and let her off. A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing3. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had went wrong again. A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired 4. The students expected to be more reviewing classes
29、before the final exams. A. there B. it C. that D. one 5. When he returned years later, he found his hometown completely. A. to change B. changed C. changing D. change 6. Peter wanted his TV , but his wife would rather have it . A. fixed, thrown B. to be fixed, be thrown C. fixed, throwing D. fixing,
30、 throwing 7. With leaves in the earth every year, the soil becomes richer and richer. A. falling, burying B. fallen, buried C. fallen, burying D. falling, buried 8. The doctor asked him not to leave his wound .A. expose B. exposed C. to expose D. exposing9. Bill suggested a meeting on what to do for
31、 the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold10. the room, the nurse found the tape recorder_.A. Entering; stealingB. Entering; gone C. To have entered; being stolen D. Having entered; to be stolen11. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mot
32、her told him .A. not to B. not to do C. not do D. do not to12. Who do you think youd like with you, a boy or a girl?A. to have go B. to have to go C. to have gone D. having to go13. Anyone bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police.A. seen carry B. seen carrying C. seeing to carry D. seeing
33、 carrying14. The accident is said by the thick darkness and the snow on the road. A. to be causing B. to have been caused C. being caused D. to be caused15. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out16. Though
34、 he had often made his little sister , today he was made by his little sister.A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry17. They would not allow him across the enemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going18. The sale usually takes place outside the ho
35、use, with the audience on benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seated B. seated C. seating D. having been seated19. You had better get a doctor your bad tooth.A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out20. He managed to make himself with his English.A. understand; breaking B. understand; b
36、roken C. understood; breaking D. understood; broken21. The girl is still fast asleep, with her head deep in arms.A. bury B. to bury C. buried D. burying22. She wondered who forgot to leave the fresh fruits and vegetables . A. cover B. covering C. to be covered D. covered23. Finally they reached an a
37、greement, with .A. every concerned student B. every student was concernedC. every student concerned D. all the concerned students24. The flu is believed by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have been caused
38、25. Who did the boss _ his car this time? A. make wash B. make to wash C. make washing D. making to wash 二、主谓一致练习1. Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers. A. is B. are C. have D. has2. One third of the country covered with trees and the majority of the citize
39、ns black people.A. is；are B. is；is C. are；are D. are；is3. John as well as the other staff members who working with this world-famous company to attend its 100th anniversary.A. is；is B. is；are C. are；is D. are；are4. Such poets as Shakespeare widely read，of whose works，however，some difficult to unders
40、tand A. are；is B. is；is C. are；are D. is：are5. The population of the city from less than half a million in 1949 to over two million. A. have increased B. has improvedC. have improved D. has increased6While a huge amount of money been spent stopping pollution，large quantities of water _ still heavily
41、 polluted.A. have；is B. has；areC. have；are D. has；has7. An average of about 100 emails a week received. Such the case with Martin at present.A. are; are B. is; is C. is; are D, are; is8. So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident.A. is B. has C. are D. have9. The number of pe
42、ople in the world about 6 billion and large quantities of waste _ each year.A. totals; has been produced B. totals; is producedC. totals; are produced D. total; are being produced10What the remote areas need most education to children and what the children need good textbooks at the moment.A. was; were B. are; is C. is; are D. were; was11. Hey! Here is a message on my cell phone, telling me to send money to. . Delete it! Its a trick. Many a person by such tricks. A. has been cheated B. have been cheated C. were cheated D. was cheated12. We each strong points and each of