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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examine
2、d the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born ba
3、bies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believ
4、es strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repe
5、at a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,”Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory
6、itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person“en
7、codes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concent
8、rating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory
9、experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performerswhether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programmingare nearly always made, not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found a
10、mong soccer players is mentioned to _.A stress the importance of professional trainingB spotlight the soccer superstars of the World CupC introduce the topic of what makes expert performanceDexplain why some soccer teams play better than others22.The word“mania”(Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably me
11、ans _.A funB crazeC hysteriaD excitement23.According to Ericsson, good memory _.A depends on meaningful processing of informationB results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercisesC is determined by genetic rather than psychological factorsD requires immediate feedback and a high degree of conc
12、entration24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that _.A talent is a dominating factor for professional successB biographical data provide the key to excellent performanceC the role of talent tends to be overlookedD high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture25.Which of the following proverbs
13、 is closest to the message the text tries to convey?A“Faith will move mountains.”B“One reaps what one sows.”C“Practice makes perfect.”D“Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to quer
14、y Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences,
15、among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out nu
16、merical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, gen
17、etics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both
18、come in adult and childrens version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistic
19、al population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized te
20、sts may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical
21、 knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress c
22、onditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadershipthat is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test
23、?A Answering philosophical questions.B Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C Telling the differences between certain concepts.D Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?A People no longer use IQ scores as an ind
24、icator of intelligence.B More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savan
25、ts because _.A the scores are obtained through different computational proceduresB creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized nowC vos Savants case is an extreme one that will not repeatD the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that _
26、.A test scores may not be reliable indicators of ones abilityB IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlatedC testing involves a lot of guessworkD traditional tests are out of date30.What is the authors attitude towards IQ tests?A Supportive.B Skeptical.C Impartial.D Biased.Text 3During the past g
27、eneration, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly po
28、or in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Toda
29、ys families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setbacka back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This“added-worker effect”coul
30、d support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to abso
31、rb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past y
32、ear, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of health care and the share of
33、it borne by families have risenand newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wa-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as th
34、e odds of having a weak elderly parentand all the attendant need for physical and financial assistancehave jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and
35、 a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Todays double-income families are at greater financial risk in that _.A the safety
36、 net they used to enjoy has disappearedB their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC they are more vulnerable to changes in family economicsD they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance32.As a result of President Bushs reform, retired people may have _.A a higher sense of s
37、ecurityB less secured paymentsC less chance to investD a guaranteed future33.According to the author, health-savings plans will _.A help reduce the cost of healthcareB popularize among the middle classC compensate for the reduced pensionsD increase the families investment risk34.It can be inferred f
38、rom the last paragraph that _.A financial risks tend to outweigh political risksB the middle class may face greater political challengesC financial problems may bring about political problemsD financial responsibility is an indicator of political status35.Which of the following is the best title for
39、 this text?A The Middle Class on the AlertB The Middle Class on the CliffC The Middle Class in ConflictD The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation
40、 governance, a new problem threatens to earn themespecially in Americathe sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as bankin
41、g, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the bosss agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this yearfrom organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and
42、even the University of California, Berkeleyhave left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford Universitys b
43、usiness school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, s
44、uggested Eli Noam of New Yorks Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive
45、 that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restoreand that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouragedthough not justifie
46、dby the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray.That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washingt
47、on, D.C.Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by Americas Federal Trade Commission(FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to
48、provide adequate data security.36.The statement“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce _.A the fierce business competitionB the feeble boss-board relationsC the threat from news reportsD the severity of data leakage37.According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out _.A whether there is any weak pointB what