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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上广西师范学院 英汉互译(一)课程教案编号: 15-9 开课单位:外语系 授课教研室:翻译写作课程名称:英汉互译(一) 授课教师: 唐旭光教 材:新编英汉互译教程, 授课对象:06级英语专业2、3、5班授课时间: 授课时数: 2 课时授课课题12. Conversion of Active Sentences into Passive Ones and Vice Versa授课形式讲练课教学目的与要求Translation techniques in Conversion of Active Sentences into Passive Ones教学重点Conversi
2、on of Active Sentences into Passive Ones and Vice Versa教学难点Conversion of Active Sentences into Passive Ones and Vice Versa教学方法与手段理论讲解与翻译操练相结合教学内容及过程设计 1知识点介绍一 语态转译在英译汉中的运用1.1 英语被动句译为汉语主动句1.1.1 英语被动句的形式主语在汉语译文中仍作主语1. 1. 2 英语被动句的逻辑主语在汉语译文中作主语,其形式主语在译文中作宾语1. 1. 3 英语被动句译成汉语判断句1. 1. 4英语被动句译成汉语无主句1. 1. 5英
3、语被动句译为带有适当主语的汉语主动句1. 2 英语主动句译为汉语被动句2. 翻译操练与练习讲评作 业Exercises P221-223,专八翻译(活页)练习课后小结参考资料英汉互译(一)第九讲 语态转译(Conversion of Active Sentences into Passive Ones and Vice Versa)英语的语态是动词的一种形式,分为主动语态和被动语态。汉语也有主动句与被动句之分。所谓“语态转译”,就是在英汉互译过程中,将主动语态的句子转译为被动语态的句子,或者将被动语态的句子转译为主动语态的句子。主动句的主要成分是“主语谓语宾语”,这在英语和汉语中是一致的。然而
4、英语和汉语的被动句的结构就略有不同了。英语被动句是由助动词加上动词的过去分词构成的,而汉语被动句的构成则没有动词的变化,只须使用一系列标志词来表明句子的被动结构即可。这类标志词主要是“被”、“受”、“遭”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”等等。它们可以用作助词表被动意义,亦可用作介词引出动作发出者。同英语相比,汉语被动句的使用范围小得多。有人曾做过统计,水浒传全书仅用了120个被动句;而在一段有关石油勘测的英语短文中,全段14个谓语动词,就有13个用了被动语态。造成这种汉语被动句使用范围小的原因可能很多,但主要原因有三个。第一个原因是汉语中有许多动词既可用来表示主动意义,又可用来表达被动意义,正如倜西先
5、生(2002:74)所说“汉语之所以少用被动句大概与古汉语有关,因为在古汉语中有一个很特别的语言现象:好些动词可以既表示主动,又表示被动,因此无所谓主动句或被动句。” 第二个原因是汉语是意合语言,这就决定了汉语在句子的构成上不太注重形式的整合,而是注重意义的粘连。 因此,汉语句子即使不用被动句的标志性词语,也可以表达被动意义。第三个原因是汉语大量使用无主句。无主语句是汉语的一大优势。 以上这些原因决定了在英汉翻译过程中,会有相当一部分英语被动句给转译为汉语主动句。如果为了保留原文结构而过多地使用被动语态标志性词语,只会使译文显得生硬拗口,晦涩难懂。而在汉英翻译过程中,则需要根据英文表达习惯,将
6、一些汉语主动句转译为英语被动句。下面分英译汉、汉译英两大部分例证语态转译这种变通技巧。一 语态转译在英译汉中的运用1.1 英语被动句译为汉语主动句 英语被动语态的句子在大多数情况下被翻译成汉语主动语态的句子,这是英汉翻译中的客观现象,这种现象是由英汉两种语言的习惯表达特点所决定的。1.1.1 英语被动句的形式主语在汉语译文中仍作主语1. The crater may have been caused by an asteroid crashing into the earth some time during the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago
7、. 这个断裂口可能是6500万年前白垩纪时期一个小行星撞击地球形成的。2. Her husband could be freed on bail within months.她丈夫有可能在几个月内保释出来。3. While details of the aid package were being ironedout, the company was placed in receivership. 尽管一揽子援助计划的细节仍在完善,这家公司已经被内定为受援单位。4. Police nationwide will be mobilized to deal a telling blow to sm
8、uggling activities, which are said to be crippling efforts by the localities to raise themselves above the poverty line. 全国警察都将动员起来严厉打击走私活动。据说,那些地方为了尽快脱贫,不惜搞危害极大的走私活动。5. Result slips for the putonghua proficiency test will be issued to the test-takers tomorrow. 普通话水平考试成绩单将于明天发给参加考试者。 只要认真观察一下就不难看出,以
9、上五个翻译的句子形式上看来是汉语主动语态句子,实际上是表达被动意义的句子,是未带被动语态标志词语的被动句,因为其主语都是受动者。1. 1. 2 英语被动句的逻辑主语在汉语译文中作主语,其形式主语在译文中作宾语6. The Malaysian stock market has been battered by investors, a spillover from the economic melt-down in neighboring Thailand. 股票投资者重创马来西亚股票市场,这是受其近邻泰国经济灾难的间接影响出现的。7. The sluggishness in the econo
10、my cannot be explained by cyclical factors; we need structural changes. 周期性因素并不能解释经济停滞不前的原因;我们需要进行经济结构改革。8. This eulogy to the worlds most famous recording studio is bolstered by archive film footage dating back several decades. 几十年前拍摄的资料片片段证明了这家世界最著名的录音工作室对自己获得的赞誉当之无愧。9. Nine documents on cooperati
11、on in economy, lawand justice, science and technology, and culture were also signed between the two governments. 两国政府还签署了9个关于经济、法律、科技和文化合作的文件。10. Franklins break came when she was hired by Kings College in 1950 to work on the DNA project as a crystallographermapping the location of atoms within a st
12、ructure.1950年,富兰克林的机会来了,国王学院聘用她作为晶体绘制员参加DNA项目研究她负责绘制一个结构内原子的位置图。1. 1. 3 英语被动句译成汉语判断句(11) Science is discovered by a process of inquiry, observation, and experiment. 科学的道理是通过询问、观察、实验这样一个过程发现的。(12) It is estimated that only one-quarter of the technologists needed by industry are produced by tertiary-l
13、evel schools. 据估计,工业需要的工艺师只有四分之一是高等学校培养出来的。(13) These problems involve primarily the oceans and atmospherethe commons which are shared by all and are the basis of our life-support system. 这些问题主要涉及海洋和大气层,而海洋和大气层是人类所共有的,是维持生命系统的基础。(14) Many reports followed with descriptions of fine weather. Some of t
14、hem were even written in verse. 接下来的是许多描绘好天气的报告。有些报告甚至是用诗歌形式写的(15) I was told that the letter had been posted last night. 有人告诉我,那封信是昨晚投递的。1. 1. 4英语被动句译成汉语无主句(16) Legislative pull is needed before the citys slums and shanty towns can be bulldozed.消除城市贫民窟,需要采取立法措施。(17) Entomologists claim that older b
15、ees can suffer from jet-lag if they are transported overseas by airplane. 昆虫学家们称,如果把较老的蜜蜂空运到国外,那么它们也会患时差综合症。(18) A spacecraft hasnt yet been chosen for a mission to Pluto, the only planet smaller than Mercury. 还没有选定飞往冥王星的航天器,冥王星是唯一比水星小的行星。(19) No money is allocated for the mission itself, however. 然
16、而,飞行任务本身没有任何拨款。(20) Therefore, effective measures should be taken to control the size of cities so that they can grow healthily and steadily. 因此,必须采取有效措施控制城市规模,让城市健康平稳地发展。1. 1. 5英语被动句译为带有适当主语的汉语主动句 有些英语被动句只有形式主语,没有逻辑主语,即行为的施动者没有出现。根据汉语表达习惯,可将这样的英语被动句翻译成带有适当主语的汉语主动句。(21) The leasing portfolio is not
17、just a sideline; it is seen as a way of getting a foothold in other business. 租赁组合不只是一种副业;人们认为这是争取在其他行业立足的一个办法。(22) In the study, the cow cells were exposed to extracts from twenty-three red wines, four white wines, one rose and one type of red grape juice. 在研究中,研究人员将母牛细胞分别置于二十三种红葡萄酒、四种白葡萄酒、一种玫瑰葡萄酒和
18、一种红葡萄汁的提取液中。(23) Vitamin C is much more than just a tonic for resisting colds. It is also known to play an important role in the prevention of cancer and the promotion of a healthy heart and vascular system. 维生素C决不仅仅是可以御寒的补药。人们还知道,维生素C在防癌、在促进心脏以及脉管系统的健康方面也起着重要的作用。(24) Well-known as an actor and the
19、husband of quarter of a century younger actress Catherine Zeta-Jones, it is less known that Douglas is a prolific producer of films. 作为一名演员和作为比他小1/4世纪的女演员凯瑟琳泽塔-琼斯的丈夫,道格拉斯可谓尽人皆知,但并非很多人知道他是一位多产的电影制片人。(25) I was promised the pie in the sky by and by.有人许诺,不久以后天上有馅饼掉下来给我。1. 2 英语主动句译为汉语被动句(26) The governm
20、ent has vowed to sweep all shoddy and fake goods off the shelves. In addition, stiff penalties loom for counterfeiters. 政府发誓将假冒伪劣商品彻底清除出货架。此外,假冒伪劣商品生产厂家将受到严厉惩处。(27) The sale of assets by the railway company could well kill a proposed deal for joint operations with a road haulage firm. 这家铁路公司出售资产,完全有
21、可能使其与一家公路运输公司拟议的联合经营被取消。(28) Its a good thing that you didnt go there. I ran there, and I almost froze to death.幸亏你没去,我跑到那里,差点儿没被冻死。(29) Single-sex schools are losing out to co-educational institutions.单一性别的学校越来越不受欢迎,正被男女学生混合的学校所取代。(30) American values receive a warm welcome in the home.美国人的价值观在家庭中受到热烈欢迎。 本章例证了英汉互译中语态转译这种变通手法。总的说来,英语比汉语更喜欢使用被动句,因此,许多英语被动句转译成汉语的主动句,许多汉语主动句,特别是形式上的汉语主动句,转译成英语被动句。可见,语态转译这种变通手法是建立在英语和汉语的习惯表达法的基础上的。值得注意的是,许多具体实例既可翻译为主动句,又可翻译为被动句,究竟做何取舍,必须具体情况具体分析,必须以翻译原则为准绳,同时考虑语境因素的制约。专心-专注-专业