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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Grammar 語法Attributive Clauses定語從句一、定语从句及相关概念定语：可以由形容词、代词、数量词、名词、副词、不定代词、介词短语等来担任。 如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就是定语从句。定语从句所修饰的名（代）词叫作先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面。Look at these sentences例句1：The man who/that was here yesterday is a middle school teacher.1. 先行词 man（即从句修饰的名词或代词）;2. 关系代词 who /that（修饰人）。例句2：This
2、 is the town where I was born.1. 先行词 town （即从句修饰的名词）；2. 关系副词 where （修饰地点，从句中状语）。先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词。 关系词： 引导定语从句的词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等.关系词先行词所指关系词在句中作用关系代词that人/物主、宾、表which物主、宾、表、定who人主、宾whom人宾whose人/物定关系副词when时间时间状语where地点地点状语wh
3、y原因原因状语先行词主格宾格所有格人who, thatwhom (who), thatwhose物which, thatwhich, thatwhose, of whichThe girl who is standing there is Mary.先行词 关系词1. The students (who dont study hard) will not pass the exam. 先行词 定语从句.主句: The students will not pass the exam.2. The woman (whom you saw in the park) is our English te
4、acher.先行词 定语从句主句: The woman is our English teacher. 从句的主语：you 从句的宾语：whom3. A shoe shop is a shop (which sells shoes).主句：A shoe shop is a shop. 从句的主语: which4. The book (that you want) is on the desk.主句: The book is on the desk. 从句的主语: you 从句的宾语：that引导定语从句的关系代词常见的有that, which,who,whom等。关系代词放在先行词和定语从句之
5、间，起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成份。The man (that/who told us a funny story) is in the next room. 先行词 关系代词做主语I lost the book ( that/which you gave me). 先行词 关系代词做宾语定语从句的分类： （1）限定性定语从句：与先行词关系密切，如果没有定语从句，主句含混不清，不完整，限定性定语从句与先行词之间无逗号。 （2）非限定性定语从句：是先行词的一个附加语，对先行词起进一步说明作用，如果删掉它，主句的意义仍然是完整的，非限定性定语从句与先行词之间有句号。 如：The man w
6、ho/that came first is Mike.Ill never forget the day when we first met each other.His mother does morning exercises every day, which is good for her health.v 1. He is my brother, who is a doctor.v 我有一个兄弟，他是医生。（只有一个兄弟）v 2. He is my brother who is a doctor.v 我有一个当医生的兄弟。（至少有两个以上）归纳：that,即指人又指物，作主语或宾语。 w
7、hich,指物，作主语或宾语。 who, whom指人,who作主语,whom作宾语。that,which,whom在定语从句中作宾语时，可省去。1) A plane is a machine _which/that _can fly.2) The car _which/that_ my uncle bought last week was stolen.3) The students _who/that_ dont study hard will not pass the exam.4) The woman _whom/that_you saw in the park is our Engl
8、ish teacher.5) He talked happily about the men and books _that_ interested him greatly in the school。1. That book that you want it is on the desk. That book that you want is on the desk.2. Is this factory that we visited last week? This factory is the one that we visited last week?3. He is the perso
9、n for whom you are looking. He is the person whom you are looking for.4. The person to whom you talked is Lily. The person whom you talked to is Lily. 归纳：1定语从句要避免成分重复 2定语从句要避免漏用先行词 3含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开v 关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的人称、数必须和先行词一致。v The woman is my mot
10、her. She is speaking at the meetingv The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is my mother.v 判断步骤：v （1）要判断出先行词v （2）要确定关系代词（即先行词）在从句中所担任的成分v （3）要确定关系代词的人称和数v 注：定语从句的时态不受主句的限制v The woman who(that) spoken yesterday is my mother.各关系代词的使用方法（1）who（whom） who代人，在从句担任主语，也可代替在从句中做宾语的whom，前面不能有介词。如有介词则必用w
11、hom（结构：介词+whom）。例如：The girl who is standing there is Mary.She is the girl who/whom I met that day. The doctor to whom she sent her friend is very famous注：为以下情况时，who不与that通用a.先行词为one(s)/anyone/those时,用who.b.当先行词有较长定语时用who I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese
12、.c.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是 that另一个用who.The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. d.在there be 开头的句中用who(2)whose是代词的所有格，即可代人，又可代物。v I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.v Please show me the bag whose cover is red.(3)That 只用于限定性定语从句中，介词后不能跟that，而跟which.v His mother d
13、oes morning exercises every day, which is good for her health.v 在限定性定语从句中，which和that都指物时，可通用。v The picture that/which was drawn by Tom was nice.使用关系词应注意的问题v 下列情况必须用“that” ,不能用“which”: 1. 先行词all，anything，something,nothing,everything Is this all that is left? (就剩下这一个了吗？)v 2. 先行词none, much, only 修饰。v T
14、he only thing that is important is to find our way home. (唯一重要的事是要找到回家的路。) v 3. 先行词由序数词或最高级修饰。v This is the best film (that) Ive ever seen. (这是我看过的最好的电影。) v 4. “time”做先行词表示“次”。v This is the first time that I have been to Beijing. (这是我第一次去北京。)v 5.先行词既有人又有物：v Maria took photos of the things and people
15、 that she was interested in.v “that”不能用于非限定性定语从句 v 在非限定性定语从句中，先行词指物时只能用 “which”，不能用“that”，而且“which”不能省略。v This is Johns book, which is very interesting. (这是约翰的书，这本书很有趣。)在非限定性定语从句中，只用which，不用that.在限定性定语从句中只用which，而不用that的情况。a.关系代词前有介词时 This is the hotel in which you will stay.b.如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的 关系词是th
16、at，另一句用which. Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.v 关系代词与介词v 1. 当介词放在关系代词前时，介词宾语只能用which代物，whom代人。且关系代词一律不能省略。v 例如：I want to find the pen with which I wrote that letter.v 2.介词在末尾时，可用that/which（代物），that/whom/who（代人）做介词的宾语，切这个介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。v 例如：The man
17、（whom/who/that/） he wants to see is in Shanghai.三、关系副词引导的定语从句v 关系副词是用来引导定语从句的v 作用：v （1）在定语从句中替代先行词v （2）在从句中担任状语成分，起副词和介词短语的作用v （3）起连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句v 关系副词：where/when/why.v 各关系副词的用法：引导词 : when where why 1. I still remember the day _when_ I first came to Beijing. 先行词 “the day” 在从句中做状语, 表示时间
18、: I first came to Beijing on the day. (所以用关系副词when。)比较：I still remember the day ( _which/that_ ) we spend together. 先行词 “ the day” 在从句中做spend宾语： We spend the day together. （所以在该句中用关系代词which/that，并且可省略。）2. This is the place _where_ we worked last year. 先行词 “the place”在从句中做状语，表示地点： We worked in the pl
19、ace last year. ( 所以用关系副词where。) 比较：This is the place (_which/that_) we visited last year. 先行词 “the place”在从句中做visited的宾语： We visited the place last year.( 所以用关系代词which/that,并且可省略。)u 先行词在从句中做状语，用关系副词； 先行词在从句中做宾语或主语，用关系代词。 3. That is the reason (_why_) he dislikes me. That is (the reason) why he disli
20、kes me. 先行词 “the reason” 表示原因，用关系副词why. 该句中可省略先行词，或省略关系副词。u 关系代词： 1.先行词是人 who whom whose that 2.先行词是物 which that whose u 关系副词： 1.先行词是时间 when 2.先行词是地点 where 3.先行词是原因 whyPractice(练习)1. The beautiful card is from my friend _who_ lives in Australia.这张漂亮的明信片是澳大利亚的朋友寄给我的。2. I borrowed the bike from Tom _w
21、hose_ father is a teacher.我从爸爸是教师的汤姆那借的自行车。3.This is the earth _where_ we live. 这就是我们居住的地球。( “the earth”在从句中做状语) 4. We live on the earth, _which_ is much bigger than the moon. (非限定性定语从句)我们住在地球上,地球比月亮大多了。 (“the earth”在从句中做主语)5.I still remember the day _when_ Mary made a chocolate cake . 我一直记得玛丽做巧克力蛋糕
22、的那一天。(“the day”在从句中做状语)Fill in the blanks.1. I still remember the day _that/which_ we spent in the forest.2. I still remember the day _when/on which_ I first came to Beijing.3. The factory _that/which_ we will visit is large.4. The factory _where_ his father works is large.5. Ill never forget the ti
23、me _when/at which_ we work on the farm.6. This is the house _where/in which_ we lived last year.归纳:关系副词when指时间,关系副词where指地点在定语从句中作状语。即使先行词是时间地点,若作从句中的宾语，只能用关系代词that, which.1. This is the comrade _who/that_ will go to the south with us tomorrow.2. Whos the student _that_ the teacher is talking with?3
24、. I like the present _that/ which_ youve sent to me.4. The nurse _ who/whom/that _ we talked about can speak English well.5. This is the most difficult job _that_ weve ever done.“介词关系代词”即“介词whom/which”引导定语从句应注意：1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素A.与先行词的搭配关系1）I will never forget the day _“介词关系代词”即“介词whom/which”引导定语从句
25、应注意：1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素A.与先行词的搭配关系1）I will never forget the day _“介词关系代词”即“介词whom/which”引导定语从句应注意：1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素A.与先行词的搭配关系1）I will never forget the day _on which_ I joined the army.2) I will never forget the days _during which_ I worked in the school.3) I will never forget the year _in which_ my
26、 son went to college.4) I got home at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, _by which_most people had had supper. B. 与谓语动词的搭配习惯1）Have you found the book _for which_ I paid 29 US dollars?2) Have you found the book _for which_ I spent 29 US dollars?3) Have you found the book _from which_ we learnt a lot?4) Have you found the book _about which_ she often talks?专心-专注-专业