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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上虚拟语气 虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood），又称假设语气，是谓语动词的一种形式，表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反，在现实中并不存在，或实现的可能性很小。 一、动词的语气 语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。 1.陈述语气 陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。 Where there is a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。 Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能帮
2、我把箱子搬到楼上吗？ How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊！ 2.祈使语气 祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。 Come this way, please! 请这边走。 Dont make any noise, will you 别吵，行吗？ Do be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。 3.虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 If I were a bird, I could fly in the air
3、. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish it were spring all the year round. 但愿四季如春。 May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！ 二、条件句中的虚拟语气 英语中条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。 A真实条件句 真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。 If he doesnt come at 8, we wont wait for him. 如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了
4、。 If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。 We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。 Ill let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。 B非真实条件句 在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成有
5、三种形式： 与现在事实相反 if条件句的谓语：were did 主句的谓：would (could should might) + do 与过去事实相反 if条件句的谓语：had done 主句的谓：would(could should might) + have done 与将来事实相反 if条件句的谓语：did were 主句的谓：should do would (could should might) + do were to do从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语
6、形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could + 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词 1 表示与现在事实相反的条件 条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表
7、示情态。 If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。 If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你，我就去试试。 If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑 would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。 2表示与过去事实相反的条件 条件从句用动词的过去完成时，主句用should（第一人称）或wo
8、uld（全部人称）+have done，也可用could, might代替should, would。 If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。 If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。 The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we ha
9、d not built so many reservoirs. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。 3 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式： were did 条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。 If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 If you dropped the glass, it woul
10、d break. 你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 should do 条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。 If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。 We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是诚实的，那我们就相信他。 were to do 条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较正式，常出现在书面语中，其假设成份很大，实现
11、的可能性很小。 If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。 If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？ 对比： 将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比 If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。 （常用形式） If it should snow tomorrow, I would
12、stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。 （可能性较小） If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天要下雪的话，我就留在家里。（可能性最小）3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。If I
13、were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。(2) 有时，中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从
14、句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from )。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨
15、的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。(3) 当的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he
16、 learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(from )。(4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction, I would no
17、t have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。(5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。 C省略if的条件句 在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以
18、省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。 Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary.） Had you taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam. 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice.） Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I sho
19、uld have time.） D错综条件句 虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致，这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。 If you hadnt watched TV yesterday, you wouldnt be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在） If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（
20、从句说明过去，主句说明将来。） If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来） 注意： 在很多情况下，我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。 If were here tomorrow. 也可以说成：If he was here tomorrow. I wish I were a bird. 也可以说成：I wish I was a bird. 但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。 Were I in your p
21、osition, I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置，我是不会干这件事的。 E含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况： 1条件暗含在短语中 He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中) But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中
22、) This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster.同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中) He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or) 2条件可根据上下文推理出 It would do you no good. 这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up t
23、he job 如果你放弃这项工作的话) They could have won.他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话) Such mistakes could have been avoided. 这种错误完全能避免。（条件可能是if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话） Why didnt you tell me about it I should have helped you. 为什么你不告诉我？我会帮助你的。（条件可能是if you had told me about it 如果你当时
24、告诉我的话） - Did you go to see him yesterday 你昨天去看他了吗？ - I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit. 原想去的，但有人到我家来玩了。（条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit 如果没人到我家来玩的话） 3条件用其他形式来表示 She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting. 她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（条件通过
25、连词otherwise/or表示出来 If she had not been ill.） I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him. 我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（连词but暗示条件） Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do 假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办？（用suppose/supposing/providing等词表示if） To talk with her, you would know she c
26、ould not hear well. 如果你同她交谈，你就会知道她的听力不好。（动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于 If you should talk with her.） Left to himself, he could not have finished the work. 要是放任他的话，他是不可能完成工作的。（动词的-ed形式表示条件 If he had been left to himself.） 提示： 在很多情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。 You wouldnt know.你不会知道。 I would like to go with you.我愿意和你一
27、起去。 三、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法 虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。 A名词性从句中的虚拟语气 主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义，与其相关的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。 1主语从句中的虚拟语气 主语从句通常用于“It is + 形容词名词动词的-ed形式 + that .”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式，其谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。
28、表示建议或命令 It is important that we (should) work out a study plan. 重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。 It will be better that we (should) meet some other time. 最好我们在另一个时间见面。 It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English. 有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。 It is demanded that he should leave at once. 要求他立刻离开。 表示惊讶 It
29、 is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings. 真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。 It is a pity/shame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital. 真可惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。 It is natural that you should forget it first. 你起先记不住是很自然的。 必背： 常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词 形容词：important, necessary, urgent,
30、essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等 动词的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等 It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer. 有必要把程序输入电脑。 It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time. 很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。
31、 It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。 2宾语从句 虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。 常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有： 一个坚持：insist 两个命令：order, command 三个建议：suggest, advise, propose 四个要求：demand, require, ask, desire 在suggest（建议）, order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, comman
32、d (命令)，request（要求），advise（建议）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 should + 动词原形 （美国英语常省略should）。 The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求学生不要使用计算器。 The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent. 工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。 They requested that he (should) sing a
33、 song. 他们要求他唱一首歌。 比较： 动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。 suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。 His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。（暗示） He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（建议） insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。 He insists that
34、 doing morning exercises does good to peoples health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。（强调） He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。（要求） 在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。 一般过去时were/did 表示目前不可能实现的愿望 I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是一只小鸟。 I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。 过去完成时 had done 表示过去不可能实现
35、的愿望 I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。 I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。 过去将来时 would/could do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望 I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。 I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。 提示： 由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；h
36、ope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。 The students hope that their football team will win the game. 学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。 （可能实现） I wish I could see him now. 我希望现在就能看到他。（不可能实现） 3表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”结构。 My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as ofte
37、n as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only. 按照要求作文必须单面誊写。 It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year. 我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。 The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable. 教育要改革的建议是合理的。 必
38、背： 表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有 advice 建议 demand 要求 desire 愿望 decision 决定 idea 意见 motion 提议 order 命令 proposal 提议 requirement 要求 request 请求 regulation 规章 suggestion 建议 B状语从句中的虚拟语气 方式状语从句 由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。表示所发生的时间结构发生在主句动作之前had + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were )发生
39、在主句动作之后would / could / might / should+原形动词 a. 表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时 The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. 这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子） b. 表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时 I felt as though we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年） c. 表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could It looks
40、as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨） 对比： He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻） He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻） 目的状语从句 a. 由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should + 动词原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。 Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget. 请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘
41、记。 She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget. 她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。 We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding. 我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会. b. 在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。 I shall write down your
42、telephone number so that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。 They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time. 为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。 We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。 让步状语从句 让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况
43、，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matte
44、r wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 Though he (should) fail, the
45、re would still be hope. 即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。 I should say the same thing even if he were here. 即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。 Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part. 不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。 However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together. 不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。 No matter what his soc
46、ial position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law. 一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from )。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good