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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1.Language is a system of of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.3.Voicing: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of
2、speech sounds called “voicing”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.4.Minimal pairs：When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the string, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair
3、. 5.Sequential rules: there are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.6.morpheme: A morpheme that must be attached to another one.7.allomorphs: The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs.8.Derivation: Derivation is an affixational process that forms a wo
4、rd with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its bases.9.Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.10.Polysemy: While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one mea
5、ning.11.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homo
6、nyms.12.Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each o
7、ther: Flower-rose、tulip、lily.13.Antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.14.Definition of Gradable antonyms: Some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. E.g. old-young
8、15.Definition of Complementary antonyms: A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other. E.g. Alive-dead.16.Definition of Relational opposites: Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship be
9、tween the two items are called relational opposites. E.g. Father-son.17.Context: It is generally considered as constitution by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.18.Assimilation: Assimilation is the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the do
10、minant culture of a societythough not always completely.19.Interlanguage: It is defined as an abstract system of learners target language system and it has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce, especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.20.Overgeneralization:
11、Overgeneralization is defined as the use of previously available atrategies in new situations.1.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system? The main features of human language are terme
12、d design features. They include: 1) Arbitrariness Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. 2) Productivity Language is productive Or
13、 creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) Duality Language consists of two sets of structures, or two le
14、vels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) Displacement Language can be used to refer
15、to things which are present Or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement”means.2.What is voicing and how is i
16、t caused? Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3.What is deep structure and what is surface structure? There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accord
17、ance with the heads subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).4.Why is the notion of context essential in
18、the pragmatic study of linguistic communication? The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various continents of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. Knowledge of the
19、language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speakers use of language and also the hearers interpretati
20、on of what is said to him. Without such knowledge, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense. Look at the following sentences: 1. How did it go? 2. It is cold in hem. 3.
21、 It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfing.Sentence 1 might be used in a conversation between two students talking about an examination, or two surgeons talking about an operation, or in some other context; 2. Might be said by t
22、he speaker to ask the hearer to turn on the heater, or leave the place, or to put on more clothes, or to apologize for the poor condition of the room, depending on the situation of context; 3. makes sense only the hearer has the knowledge that Christmas falls in summer in the southern hemisphere.5.H
23、ow are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. But if we think of a sentence as what people actually
24、 utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered (or used). So it is impossible to tell if “The dog is barking” is a sentence or an utterance. It can be either. It all depends on how we look at it and how we
25、are going to analyze it. If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation from context, then we are treating it as a sentence. If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.
26、Therefore, while the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply
27、 in a context. Now, take the sentence My bag is heavy as an example. Semantic analysis of the meaning of the sentence results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY). Then a pragmatic analysis of the utterance meaning of the .sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. For exampl
28、e, it could be uttered by a speaker as a straightforward statement, telling the hearer that his bag is heavy. It could also be intended by the speaker as an indirect, polite request, asking the hearer to help him carry the bag. Another possibility is that the speaker is declining someones request fo
29、r help. All these are possible interpretations of the same utterance “My bag is heavy”. How it is to be understood depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it. While most utterances take the form of grammatically complete sentences, some utterances d
30、o not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences.6.Based on your own learning experiences, please illustrate how important it is to learn its culture when learning a foreign language. Based on my own learning experiences, I find it is very important to learn its culture when learning a
31、foreign language, A typical example of these is that when greeting acquaintances, we tend to say Have you eaten?, which will cause misunderstanding to a foreigner.7.What do you think of linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism? Is it nonsense or something worth consideration? Linguistic imper
32、ialism is closely related to cultural imperialism. Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one language. With the monopoly of one language over others, its accompanied ideologies, structures and
33、practices will be a potential threat to the individual cultural identity and cultural integrity. From this, we can know that linguistic imperialism is something worth consideration. 8.Identify personality factors that may contribute to the success of learning a second/foreign language. The personality traits such as extroversion, talkativeness, self-esteem, self-confidence may contribute to the success of learning a second/foreign language.专心-专注-专业