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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上小升初英语总复习一、名 词表示某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。强调:不可数名词都默认为单数,所以总是用is或者was;最好不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断,以免受误导。 1、可数名词如何变“复数形式”:a一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音:清辅音后读s,浊辅音和 元音后读z。b以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:iz。c以
2、“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:z。d以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音:z。e以“o”结尾的词,分两种情况1)有生命的+es 读音:z 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes2) 无生命的+s 读音:z 如:photo-photos radio-radiosf. 不规则名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policeme
3、n, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 2、不可数名词没有复数。如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量,就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice判断步骤: 如是am、is或was原形读句子读该单词认识该单词理解意
4、思看be动词 如是are或were加s或es二、冠 词冠词是一种虚词,不能独立使用,通常放在名词的前面,分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。1、不定冠词:a、an。用在单数名词前,表示“一个,一件”。an用在以元音“音素”开头的单词前。如: an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基本用法: (1)用来表示特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new. (2)表示说话者双方都知道的人或事物。如
5、:Look at the picture, please. (3)表示再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful. (4)用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun太阳 the moon月亮 the earth地球 (5)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the Great Wall长城 (6)用在江河、湖海等专有名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江 (7)此外,序数词、形容词最高级、乐器名称等词前面和一些习惯用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:the first day, the best boy,
6、 play the piano, in the same class确定用a、an还是the时可根据汉语意思。三、数 词我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少,而基数词用于表示次序,常在日期中出现。区别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前一定要有“the”。1、超过二十以上的两位数需要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21 twenty-one2、三位数以上的则需要在百位数后再加上and。如:101 a/one hundred and one3、用基数词来修饰可数名词时,一定别忘了它的复数形式。如:十八个男孩 eighteen boys4、用基数词修饰不可数名词时,如是复数,变它的量
7、词为复数。如:两碗米饭 two bowls of rice5、序数词一般加“th”,特殊的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二十以外的整十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth “第几十几”:前面整十不变,后面“几”改为序数词。如:88 eighty-eighth四、代 词代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多 用于动词、介词后。3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的
8、作用,后面一定要跟名词,表示该名词是属于谁的。4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如: This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.一般看后面有没有名词,如有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。 五、形容词、副词1、形容词表示某一事物或人的特征,副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词有三种形式:原形、比较级、最高级。比较级:+er 最高级:the +est两个重要特征:asas中间一定用原形,than的前面一定要+er。2、形容词、副词比较级的规则变化如下:(1)一般直接+er。如:ta
9、ll - taller, fast - faster 单音节词如果以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later(2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter(3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier(4)双音节和多音节词的比较级应在原级前加more构成。如:beautiful - more beautiful, careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting
10、- more interesting(5)有些不规则变化的,须逐一加以记忆。如:good/well better, bad/ill worse, many/much more, far farther/further, old older/elder六、介 词1、一种虚词。不能单独作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语,才能在句子中起作用。有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of, fromto, at the back
11、 of2、表示时间的介词有:at, on, in。(1)at表示“在某一个具体的时间点上”,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten oclock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend(2)on表示“在某日或某日的时间段”。如:on Friday, on the first of October, on Monday morning(3)in表示“在某一段时间(月份、季节)里”。如:in the afternoon, in September, in summer, in 20053、in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿着蓝色的衣服),in E
12、nglish(用英语表达),take part in(参加)。七、动 词这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称,其中包括be动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词(就是我们平时总说的那种动词)。动词、名词和形容词不太容易区分,如不能一眼看出,可用如下方法:先用“一(量词)”(如:一个、一张等)和这个词连起来说,如说得通,一般认为是名词;说不通再用“很”去判断,就是把“很”和为个词连起来说,说得通一般就是形容词;都说不通就是动词。(目前我们学过的,以后可能不同)(另外一些很明显的,如人称代词、数词、情态动词等一下就可以知道) 1、be动词( am, is, are, was, were )1)amwas, i
13、s was, are-were 口诀:我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它,所有复数全用are。2)肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small. 3)一般疑问句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you arent. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they arent. Is the cat fa
14、t? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. 4)be动词的否定形式:am not(没有缩写形式),are not = arent ,is not = isnt 。用恰当的be动词填空。 2、助动词( do, does, did )do, does用于一般现在时,其过去式did用于一般过去时。它们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。它们的否定形式:do not = dont, does not = doesnt, did not = didnt。注意:在一般现在时中,does用于第三人称单数,其余一律用助动词do;助动词do, does, did后面一定要用动词原形。3、情态动词情态动词也是一
15、类特殊的动词,平时我们不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。我们现在学过的情态动词有:can、could、shall、should、will、would、may、might 、must。注意:情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响)其否定形式:can not = cant, must not = mustnt, 注意:may not和shall not(无缩写形式) 4、行为动词 就是我们平时上课时说的动词,表示某一动作或行为。如:sweep、live等。行为动词我们已学过它们的四种形式:原形、第三人称单数+s/es、现在分词(也叫动名词)+ing、过去式+
16、ed。 (1)动词第三人称单数变化规则:A、一般直接加“s”,如:play plays, visit visits, speak speaks ;B、以“s”,“x”,“sh”,“ch”结尾时,加“es”,如:catch catches, watch watches ;C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变“y”为“i”再加“es”,如:carry carries, study studies 。(2)现在分词(动名词)构成规则:A、一般直接加“ing”,如:go going, do doing, look looking ;B、以不发音的“e”结尾的单词,去“e” 加“ing”,如:take ta
17、king, make making, have having ;C、以重读闭音节结尾的词,如末尾只有一个辅音字母,需要双写这个字母再加“ing”,如:put putting, stop stopping, run running, get getting, swim swimming, sit sitting, begin beginning, jog jogging, forget forgetting 。(3)过去式构成规则:A、一般直接加“ed”,如:plant planted, visit visited, pick picked ;B、以不发音字母“e”结尾,直接加“ed”,如:li
18、ke liked, hope hoped, taste tasted ;C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变“y”为“i”再加“ed”,如:try tried, carry carried, study studied ;D、有些动词要双写最后一个字母,再加“ed”,如:stop stopped ;E、还有很多动词的过去式是不规则的,请记忆:是-am(be)-was-being; 是-are(be)-were-being; 是-be-was, were-being;成为-become-became-becoming; 开始-begin-began-beginning; 弯曲-bend-bent-b
19、ending;吹-blow-blew-blowing; 买-buy-bought-buying; 能-can-could-;捕捉-catch-caught-catching; 选择-choose-chose-choosing; 来-come-came-coming;切-cut-cut-cutting;做-do, does-did-doing;画-draw-drew-drawing;饮-drink-drank-drinking;吃-eat-ate-eating;感觉-feel-felt-feeling;发现-find-found-finding;飞-fly-flew-flying;忘记-forg
20、et-forgot-forgetting;得到-get-got-getting;给-give-gave-giving;走-go-went-going;成长-grow-grew-growing;有-have, has-had-having;听-hear-heard-hearing;受伤-hurt-hurt-hurting;保持-keep-kept-keeping;知道-know-knew-knowing;学习-learn-learned, learnt-learning;允许,让-let-let-letting;躺-lie-lay-lying;制造-make-made-making;可以-may
21、-might-;意味-mean-meant-meaning;会见 -meet-met-meeting;必须-must-must-;放置-put-put-putting;读-read-read-reading;骑、乘-ride-rode-riding;响、鸣-ring-rang-ringing;跑-run-ran-running;说-say-said-saying;看见-see-saw-seeing;将-shall-should-;唱歌-sing-sang-singing;坐下-sit-sat-sitting;睡觉-sleep-slept-sleeping;说-speak-spoke-speak
22、ing;度过-spend-spent-spending 。八、there/here be结构1、there be结构表示“某时、某地存在着什么事物或人”,包括there is、there are、there was、there were。here be结构与它类似,用法也完全相同,只不过是表示“这里存在着什么事物或人”。2、和have、has、had的区别:(1)There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人) ;而have、has、had表示:某人拥有某物。(2)在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is;主语是复数,be 动词用are;如有几件物品,be 动词根据最近be 动
23、词的那个名词决定“就近原则”。 (3)there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。 (4)there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。 (5)some和any在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。 (6)and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
24、How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语? (8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: Whats + 介词短语? (9)There be结构一般用在句子的开头,而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。九、some,any的用法some用于肯定句;any用于否定句和一般疑问句。请注意看例句后扩号中说明的用法。例:There is some water in the glass. (肯定句) There are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句)There arent any lamps in the study.(否定句) Are t
25、here any maps on the wall?(一般疑问句)Would you like some orange juice? (希望得到肯定回答)Do you want to take any photos at the party? (一般疑问句)十、动词不定式1、to加动词原形构成一种非谓语形式,在这里不是介词,无词义。如:I want to make a New Year card. 我想制作一张新年贺卡。 Would you like to have a picnic with us? 你愿意和我们一起去野餐吗?2、to保留原来动词的一些特征,它可以带自己的宾语和状语等。如:T
26、o get there faster, you can take bus No.5. 想快一点到那儿,你可以坐5路车。3、to前有时带疑问词what, when, where, which, why, how等。如:Hes asking Yang Ling how to get there. 他正在问杨玲怎样到达那里。总而言之,一定要记住:to后面用动词原形。十一、动名词其实就是动词的“现在分词”。它既有“名词性质”(可作主语),又具有动词性质(可带宾语)。如:Please keep quiet in the reading room. 还有我们的一些课题:Asking the way中是“名
27、词性质”;My hobby is collecting stamps.中是“动词性质”,带了宾语stamps.1、remember(记住)后面跟动名词,表示“记得做过某事”;跟to+动词原形,表示“记得要去做某事”。如:I remember posting the letter today. 我记得今天把信寄走了。Please remember to post the letter today. 请记住今天要把信寄走。2、forget(忘记)后面跟动名词,表示“忘记做过某事(实际做过)”;跟to+动词原形,表示“忘记去做某事(实际没做)”。如:I forget doing homework t
28、his morning. 我忘记今天早上做过作业了。I forget to do homework this morning. 我忘记今天早上做作业了。3、stop(停止)后面跟动名词,表示“停止做某事”;跟to+动词原形,表示“停止正在做的事,而去做别的事”。如:Stop smoking, please. 请不要吸烟。We are tired. Lets stop to have a rest. 我们累了,让我们停下来休息一下。4、like(喜欢)后面跟动名词,表示一个人的爱好和习惯,意思是“喜欢干某事”;跟to+动词原形,常用于would like to do something,表示“某
29、人想要、愿意干某事”。如: I like taking a walk after supper every day. 我喜欢每天晚饭后去散步。 I would like to have some chips. 我想要吃些薯条。十二、时间和日期的表达1、有两种时间表达法:A)直接读写数词。如:9:15 nine fifteen 10:30 ten thirty 11:45 eleven forty-five 7:05 seven o five 2:25 two twenty-five 5:55 five fifty-fiveB)借助past和to来表达。past一般用于30分钟以内(含30分钟)
30、的时间表达;to一般用于超过30分钟的时间表达。一刻钟可以用a quarter表示,半小时可以用half表示。如:9:15 a quarter past nine 10:30 half past ten 11:45 a quarter to twelve 7:05 five past seven 2:25 twenty-five past two 5:55 five to six注意:询问时间可用句型“Whats the time?”或者“What time is it?”。2、日期的表达:the+序数词+of+月份。如:the third of June六月三日 注意:询问日期可用句型“Wh
31、at date is it today?”或者“Whats the date today?”。十三、名词所有格1、有生命的名词所有格:A)单数后加“ s ”,如:Su Hais twin sister苏海的双胞胎妹妹 Jims family吉姆的一家B)以“ s ”结尾的复数名词,只需加“ ”,如:Teachers Day教师节 the twins parentsC)不以“ s ”结尾的复数名词,则仍需加“ s ”,如:Childrens Day儿童节 注意:表示两人或几人共有的物品,只需在最后一人名后加“ s ”,如:Ben and Jims book2、无生命的名词所有格,一般与“ of
32、”构成短语。如:a photo of his family 他家的一张照片 the colour of her skirt 她的短裙的颜色十四、句子的种类类别例句用法标点陈述句肯定This is a bag. I like spring.描述一件事情或者说明说话人的看法.类别例句用法标点陈述句否定I cant see a bag over there. I dont know.描述一件事情或者说明说话人的看法.疑问句一般Are you a student? Do you like puppets?Can you speak English?用于提出问题?特殊when什么时间;who谁;whos
33、e谁的;where在哪里;which哪一个;why为什么;what什么;what time什么时间;what colour什么颜色;what about怎么样;what day星期几;what date什么日期;what for为何目的;how怎样;how old多大岁数;how many数量多少;how much多少钱;how about怎么样;how far多远选择Is your friend a boy or a girl?反意Its a fine day, isnt it?祁使句肯定Put it here.表示命令、建议或请求.或!否定Dont look at the noticebo
34、ard.感叹句How smart the scarf is! What a smart scarf!How smart the scarves are! What smart scarves!表示惊讶、喜悦、赞美、厌恶或愤怒等强烈感情?十五、时态1、一般现在时A、当谓语是be动词时,构成为:主语+be动词( am, is, are )+其他。如:I am a student.B、当谓语是行为动词时,构成有两种: (1)主语(非第三人称单数)+动词原形+其他。如:We often watch TV at the weekends. (2)主语(第三人称单数)+动词第三人称单数形式+其他。如:Ji
35、m usually goes to the park on Sundays.C、句型变换:肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答They watch TV at six everyday.They dont watch TV at six everyday.-Do they watch TV at six everyday. -Yes, they do. / No, they dont.She watches TV at six everyday.She doesnt watch TV at six everyday.-Does she watch TV at six everyday.-Yes, sh
36、e does. / No, she doesnt.肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答They watch TV at six everyday.They dont watch TV at six everyday.-Do they watch TV at six everyday. -Yes, they do. / No, they dont.She watches TV at six everyday.She doesnt watch TV at six everyday.-Does she watch TV at six everyday.-Yes, she does. / No, she do
37、esnt.3、一般过去时A、构成形式:主语+动词的过去式+其他。注意:没有be动词的否定句和疑问句中,用didnt否定和用did提问后,动词一定要用原形。B、判断依据:(1)be动词是was、were;(2)动词加ed;(3)有表示过去的时间状语,现在学过的常用的表示过去的时间状语有:just now,a moment,yesterday,last week,last night,last weekend,last year,last month,three days ago,two weeks ago,five years agoC、句型变换:肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答I was a te
38、acher five years ago.I wasnt a teacher five years ago.-Were you a teacher five years ago?-Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt.They played many games yesterday.They didnt play many games yesterday.Did they play many games yesterday?Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.4、一般将来时A、构成形式:(1)主语+be going to+动词原形+其他。(2)主语+w
39、ill+动词原形+其他。B、判断依据:一个句子中既有be动词,又有going、to和动词,且动词用的是原形,句中往往有tomorrow、soon、next week等词。C、句型变换:肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答She is going to have a picnic tomorrow.She isnt going to have a picnic tomorrow.-Is she going to have a picnic tomorrow?-Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.They are going to visit their grandparents next Sunday.They arent going to visit their grandparents next Sunday.-Are they going to visit their grand parents next Sunday? -Yes, they are. / No, they arent.注意:-Where are you going? -Were going to Beijing. 问句中不要用到to。专心-专注-专业