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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专题五：名词性从句（Noun Clauses）在英语中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句包括：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的词叫做连接词，包括连词（在名词性从句中只起连接作用，不作成分）、连接代词（在名词性从句中作主语、宾语或表语）和连接副词（在名词性从句中作状语）。名词性从句是一种具有名词作用的非独立分句，一般不用标点符号与主句隔开。尽管有时有特殊疑问词存在，但所有名词性从句的语序都是陈述语序。一、主语从句(Subject Clauses)主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有连词：that, whether, if；连
2、接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever；连接副词：when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why。1.连词that, whether, if引导的主语从句that在主语从句中不作成分，没有意思，不能省略；whether和if虽不作句子的成分，但有“是否”的意思，且if引导的主语从句不能位于句首。That the earth turns around the sun is known to us all. 地球绕着太阳转这一点是众所周知的。That she was chosen m
3、ade us happy. 她被选上使我们感到高兴。Whether he will come or not is not yet known. 他是否要来还不知道。（只能用whether）Whether well go outing depends on the weather. 我们是否去郊游视天气而定。（只能用whether）It is not certain whether/if the question will be discussed.那个问题是否将被讨论还不确定。(二者皆可)2.连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever引
4、导的主语从句what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever在主语从句中起代词的作用，可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语，有具体的意思且不能省略。What surprised us was that he passed the driving test. 使我们感到惊奇的是他通过了驾驶考试。What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的练习。Whatever I have is yours. 我所拥有的一切都是你的。Who will go is not important. 谁将去是不重要的。Whoever is here
5、 gets a prize. 不管谁来，都能获奖。Which team will win the match is still unknown. 哪个队将赢得比赛还不知道。Whichever you choose is OK.不论你选哪一个都行。3.连接副词when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why引导的主语从句when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why在主语从句中起副词的作用，作状语，有具体的意思且不能省略。When they will start hasnt been dec
6、ided yet. 他们将何时动身还没有决定。Whenever you come is OK. 你无论何时来都行。Where he has been is still a puzzle. 他曾去过什么地方仍是个迷。Wherever she wants to go is not allowed. 无论她想要去哪儿都是不被允许的。How he became a great scientist is known to all. 他是怎样成为伟大科学家的这一点众所周知。However late you come doesnt matter. 无论你来的有多晚都没关系。Why he did it was
7、nt quite clear. 他为什么作那件事是不清楚的。4.用it作形式主语的主语从句如果主语从句太长，为了避免句子结构头重脚轻，我们可以用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句谓语部分之后。常见的结构有：It+be+形容词+that，常见的形容词有known, clear, necessary, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, certain, obvious, strange, natural等。That the earth turns around the sun is known to us all. 地球绕着太阳转这一点是众所周
8、知的。It is known to us all that the earth turns around the sunWhether he will come or not is not clear.他是否要来还不清楚。It is not clear whether/if he will come or not.It+be+名词+that常见的名词有a pity, a shame, a fact, an honour, a mystery, a wonder, no wonder, good news, common knowledge等。It is a pity that he didnt
9、 pass the exam. 他没有通过考试真遗憾。It is a wonder that he survived the crash. 他从坠机事件中幸存下来真是个奇迹。It is no wonder that he has achieved so much success. 难怪他取得如此大的成功。It+be+动词过去分词+that常见的过去分词有said, believed, reported, pointed out, hoped, thought, decided, ordered等。It is said that he is a famous writer. 据说他是位著名的作家
10、。It is reported that there will be a storm this afternoon. 据报道今天下午有暴风雨。It+特殊动词+that常见的特殊动词有seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to等。It seems that it is going to rain. 天看起来要下雨了。It happened that I didnt take any money with me. 碰巧我身上没带钱。It occurred to me that I didnt close the window. 我突然想起我没有
11、关窗户。注：a. what与that引导主语从句时的区别：what不但起连接作用，而且有具体意义，意为“的事情/东西the thing(s) that”，在从句中作主语或宾语。而that在从句中无词义，不作成分，只起连接作用。简言之，从句中若不缺少主语或宾语时，就用that,否则用what。What surprises us is that computers can recognise human voices. 让我们感到惊讶的是电脑能分辨人的声音。What we lack is knowledge. 我们缺乏的是知识。That he comes from the USA is known
12、 to us all. 我们大家都知道他来自美国。b.若that引导主语从句是疑问句时，就只能用it作形式主语的结构。Is it certain that he will come? 他要来确定吗？Is it true that he would take the risk? 他要承担很大的风险是真的吗？二、表语从句(Predicative Clauses)表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语。一般放在连系动词如be, seem, look等之后，引导表语从句的词有连词：that, whether；连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which等；连接副词：when, wher
13、e, how, why等。1.连词that, whether引导的表语从句that, whether在表语从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。that一般无意义，但不能省略； whether意为“是否”。The fact is that the boy is lying. 事实是那个男孩在撒谎。The trouble is that we are short of money. 问题在于我们缺钱。The reason is that we cant get there on time. 原因是因为我们不能按时到达那儿。The first question is whether it is true
14、or not. 首要的问题是这是否是真的。The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这是否值得做。2.连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句表语从句可由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等和连接副词when, where, how, why等来引导。The question is who should be to blame. 问题是谁该受责备。The problem is whom they are looking for? 问题是他们在找谁。China is not what it used to be. 中国不再
15、是过去的中国了。This is how she did it. 这就是她怎样做的。That is where he was born. 那就是他出生的地方。That is why he was late. 那就是他迟到的原因。3.其他连词引导的表语从句because, as, as if, as though等也可以引导表语从句。as, as if, as though引导的表语从句通常跟在seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等动词之后。I think it is because you are too serious. 我想这是因为你太认真的缘故。Yo
16、u look just as you looked ten years ago. 你看上去和十年前完全一样。I feel as if/though the house is shaking. 我感到房子好像在晃动。It looks as if/though it is going to rain. 天看起来好像要下雨了。It sounds as if/though someone is knocking at the door. 听上去好像有人在敲门。注：a.当主语为表示“建议、命令、要求”等名词时，其表语从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气，即should+动词原形，should可以省略。常见的名词
17、有：advice, suggestion, proposal, order, demand等。 My suggestion/advice is that we (should) go there at once. 我的建议是我们应该马上去那儿。Her demand is that we (should) help her. 她的要求是我们应该帮助她。b. as if/though引导表语从句，表示与事实相符时，用陈述语气；表示与事实不相符时，用虚拟语气。It looks as if it is going to rain. 天看起来要下雨了。（表示与事实相符时，用陈述语气。）It looks
18、as if it were going to rain. 天看起来要下雨了。（表示与事实不相符时，用虚拟语气。）c. reason作主语时，其表语从句需用that引导，而不用because，这时that意为“因为”。但reason的定语从句常由why引起。The reason is that we cant get there on time. 原因是因为我们不能按时到达那儿。The reason for the car accident is that the driver was drunk. 这次交通事故的原因是因为司机酗酒。The reason why he was late was
19、that he was ill. 他迟到的原因是因为他病了。三、宾语从句(Objective Clauses)宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句可分为动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。引导宾语从句的词有连词：that, whether, if；连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever；连接副词：when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why。宾语从句必须用陈述句语序。1.连词that，whether，if引导的宾
20、语从句that, whether, if在宾语从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。that无意义，可以省略；whether/if意为“是否”，不可省略。He said (that)he would help us. 他说他会帮助我们。I think(that) you are right. 我认为你是对的。We doubt whether/if he will come. 我们怀疑他是否要来。2.连接代词引导的宾语从句who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever等引导宾语从句，在宾语从句中可以作主语、宾语、
21、表语或定语，有具体的意思且不能省略。Do you know who they are waiting for? 你知道他们在等谁吗？I dont know whose book this is. 我不知道这是谁的书。Pay attention to what the teacher said. 注意老师所说的话。Give a reading list to whoever comes. 给所有来的人一份阅读书目。I will take whichever book interests me. 我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。3.连接副词引导的宾语从句when, whenever, where, wh
22、erever, how, however, why等引导宾语从句，在宾语从句中可以作状语，有具体的意思且不能省略。I dont know when we will meet again. 我不知道我们何时才能再见面。Do you know why he was late? 你知道他为什么迟到吗？I dont mind however late you come. 我不介意你来得多么晚。4.it作形式宾语，代替宾语从句feel, find, think, consider, believe, make等后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将that从句后置。（即结构：feel/find/th
23、ink/consider/believe/make+it+OC+that）We feel it our duty that we should make our country a better place. 我们觉得使我们的国家成为一个更好的地方是我们的责任。We all find it important that we should learn English well. 我们都发现学好英语是重要的。He made it quite clear that he preferred coffee to tea. 他很明确地说他喜欢咖啡胜过茶。I think it best that you
24、 should seek for a new solution to the problem. 我认为你最好寻找一个解决该问题的新办法。有些动词或短语后一般不直接接宾语从句，需在宾语从句前加it作形式宾语，这类动词有hate, like, dislike, love, hide, hear, take, see to, depend on, rely on, count on, enjoy, appreciate, answer for, feel like, be fond of等。（即结构：hate/like/dislike+it+宾语从句）I hate it when you look
25、at me like that. 我不喜欢你看我的样子。One often hears it said that travel broadens the mind.人们常常听说旅行可以使人心胸开阔。He took it that we were to stay here for the night. 他以为我们要在这里过夜。I will appreciate it if you can help me. 如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。Please see to it that you bring enough money when you go out. 出门时请务必带足够的钱。They wi
26、ll answer for it that the computer is reliable. 他们愿意保证这台电脑是可靠的。5.宾语从句可以跟在及物动词（短语）后面，也可以跟在某些介词后面，还可以跟在某些形容词的后面。He says that he comes from Lianyungang. 他说他来自连云港。We always mean what we say. 我们向来说话算话。Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们互相之间合作得如何。He goes to the li
27、brary every day except when it is raining. 除了天下雨外，他每天都去图书馆。I like the book in that it is more interesting. 我喜欢这本书因为它更有趣。I am interested in how we use computer. 我对如何使用电脑感兴趣。Im sure that they will win. 我确信他们会赢。Im afraid that he is ill. 恐怕他病了。6.宾语从句的否定转移若主句的主语为第一人称且为一般现在时，主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagin
28、e, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等时，从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。其反意疑问句的主语要与宾语从句中的主语保持一致，附加问句用肯定形式。I dont think you are right. 我认为你不对。I dont believe that he will keep his word. 我认为他不会守信的。We dont suppose thats his fault, is it? 我们认为那不是他的过错，是不是？7.复杂的特殊疑问句（又称双重疑问句）在某些宾语从句中，宾语从句的连接代词或连接副词常被移到主句之前，构成特殊疑问形式，其
29、结构为：特殊疑问词+do you+vt+宾语从句的其他部分（用陈述语序）？常见的用于此结构的动词有think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess, hope, say等。What do you think we will do next? 你认为我们下一步该怎么办？Who do you guess is on duty today? 你认为今天谁值日？How do you say they will go to Beijing? 你说他们将怎样去北京？注：a.在宾语从句中连词that常省略，但在以下几种情况下不可
30、以省略。在某些动词如agree, argue, hold, observe, remark, state等之后that习惯上不省略；形式宾语it后that不能省略；动词和that从句中间有插入成分时不能省略；介词后面有that不能省略；有两个或两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第一个that可以省略，其余的都不能省略。He remarked that it was getting late. 他说天色渐晚了。We hold that he is wrong. 我们认为他错了。He made it quite clear that he preferred coffee to tea. 他很明确地说他喜
31、欢咖啡胜过茶。They will answer for it that the computer is reliable. 他们愿意保证这台电脑是可靠的。They told us once again that the situation was serious. 他们又一次告诉我们说形势很严重。The bus is empty except that there is an old lady in it. 除了有位老太太外，那辆公共汽车是空的。I like the book in that it is more interesting. 我喜欢这本书因为它更有趣。I think (that)
32、 he needs some help and that we should help him. 我认为他需要帮助，我们应该帮助他。b.在宾语从句中连词whether, if常可互换，但在以下几种情况下不可以互换。宾语从句为否定句时，只能用if；在介词后面时，只能用whether；紧跟or not时，只能用whether；后接不定式时，只能用whether；某些动词（discuss, doubt, leave, put）后只能用whether；宾语从句位于句首时，只能用whether；在引起歧义的情况下，应用whether；（主语从句位于句首时，只能用whether；在表语从句、同位语从句中，
33、只能用whether。）I dont care if he doesnt come. 我不关心他是否不来。Im not sure of whether it will rain. 我不能确定天是否下雨。I dont care whether or not she will attend the meeting. 我根本不关心她是否参加会议。I havent decided whether to go there by bus. 我还没有决定是否做公交车去那儿。We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan.我们讨论是否改动我们的
34、计划。Whether he can finish the work or not, I cant say. 他是否能完成这项工作，我说不准。Please let me know whether you need my help. 请让我知道你是否需要我帮忙。（Whether well go outing depends on the weather. 我们是否去郊游视天气而定。The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这是否值得做。There is great doubt whether he is guilty or not.）他是否有罪有很
35、大的怀疑。c.在“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等动词后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语气，即should+动词原形，should可以省略。常见的动词有：insist, order, command, advise, suggest, propose, demand, require, desire, request等。（即：一坚持二命令三建议四要求。）He insisted that he (should ) be sent to Tibet. 他坚决要求被派往西藏。The officer ordered that the soldiers (should) start at once.那位军官命令战士们
36、应该马上动身。d.宾语从句的时态。当主句中的谓语是现在时或将来时时，从句中的谓语不受主句谓语时态的影响，可以根据需要使用任何时态。当主句谓语是过去时态时，从句的时态用相应的过去时态；若从句叙述的是客观真理或事实时，从句的时态则用一般现在时。She says that she works every day. 她说她每天工作。（从句用一般现在时）She says that she will leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 她说明天她要动身去上海。（从句用一般将来时）She says that she has never been to Mount Emei. 她说她从未
37、去过峨眉山。（从句用现在完成时）He said that there were no classes yesterday. 他说昨天没有课。（从句用一般过去时）He said that he would attend a party. 他说他要参加一个聚会。（从句用过去将来时）He said that he had never been to Yunnan. 他说他从未去过云南。（从句用过去完成时）He said that the earth is round. 他说地球是圆的。（客观事实，从句用一般现在时）四、同位语从句（Appositive Clauses）在复合句中用作名词同位语的从句，
38、叫做同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词的后面，用以解释或说明前面的名词。常见的名词有：idea, news, fact, promise, answer，belief，doubt，hope， information，knowledge，law，opinion，plan，advice, suggestion，thought, truth, message, word, question, problem, report, order, feeling, warning, possibility, fear, statement, explanation, wish等。引导同位语从句的词有连词that
39、，whether；连接代词who, what, which等；连接副词how，when，where，why等。连词that，whether引导的同位语从句that，whether引导同位语从句，它们只起连接作用，不作句子成分。that无意义， whether意为“是否”，都不能省略。We heard the news that our team had won。我们听到了我们队胜利的消息。The fact that he had said nothing surprised us. 他什么也没说这一事实使我们感到惊奇。I made a promise that if anyone set me
40、 free I would make him very rich. 我许下诺言，如果有人把我放了，我将使他很富有。Word came that he failed in the exam. 他考试不及格的消息传来了。The question whether we need more time to do the work hasnt been discussed.我们是否需要更多的时间来做这份工作这一问题还没有被讨论。There is great doubt whether he is guilty or not. 他是否有罪有很大的怀疑。连接代词who, what, which等引导的同位语
41、从句who, what, which等引导的同位语从句，在同位语从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等，有具体的意思且不能省略。I have no idea who will go there. 我不知道谁将去那儿。Do you have any idea what is going on there? 你知道那儿正在发生什么事？I have no idea which book you like best. 我不知道你最喜欢哪本书。连接副词how，when，where，why等引导的同位语从句when，how，where，why等引导同位语从句，在从句中作状语，有具体的意思且不能省略。I have
42、no idea when he will be back。我不知道他何时会回来。You have no idea how worried I was. 你不知道我有多担心啊。I have no idea where he has gone. 我不知道他去了哪里。The problem why the earth is becoming warmer and warmer is still under discussion.地球为什么变得越来越暖这一问题仍在讨论中。注：a.名词advice, suggestion, proposal, order, demand等后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气，即s
43、hould+动词原形，should可以省略。The advice that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow. 推迟那项计划的建议将在明天讨论。She refused the demand that he(should) do the work alone. 她拒绝了他单独做那项工作的请求。b.同位语从句与定语从句的区别。同位语从句是对前面的名词起解释说明的作用；定语从句是对前面的名词或代词起修饰限定的作用。区别它们的一个简便的方法：把“名词+that”结构取出，能在名词和that之间加个be动词构成一个表语从句，就
44、是同位语从句，否则就是定语从句。The news that we won the game is true. 我们赢得比赛的消息是真的。（同位语从句）The news that we heard is true. 我们听到的那个消息是真的。（定语从句）补充说明：名词性从句中的连接词具体功能如下表：从句类型连词主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句动词宾语介词宾语形容词宾语thatwhetherif连接代词what等连接副词when等wh-+ever附：直接引语和间接引语 引述别人的原话叫直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。这两种引语都是宾语从句，但直接引语放在引号内，不用连词连接；间接引语
45、不用引号，通常用连接词连接于主句。一、陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常省略)，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。1)人称的变化a) He said, I like it very much. He said that he liked it very much.b) He said to me, Ive left my book in your room. He told me that he had left hi
46、s book in my room.2)时态的变化 如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的变化。如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态则无需变化。直接引语转换成间接引语时时态的变化例 句直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时He said,“Im afraid I cant finish this work.”He said that he was afraid he couldnt finish that work.现在进行时过去进行时He said, “Im using the knife.”He said that he was using t
47、he knife.现在完成时过去完成时She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”She said that she had not heard from him since May.一般过去时过去完成时He said, “I came to help you.”He said that he had come to help me.过去完成时不变He said, “”I had finished my homework before supper”.He said that he had finished his homework before supper.一般将来时过去站起来时Zhou Lan said, “Ill do it after class.”Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.3)指示代词、时