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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语语法第一章 动词时态1 一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that t
2、he earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2 一般过去时的用法
3、1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型： It is time for sb
4、. to do sth 到时间了 该了 It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动
5、作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. 她已不在人间Christine has been an invalid all her life.她现在还活着Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Di
6、d you want anything else?2）情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike?3 比较used to / be used to used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Mother used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。Mother used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)4 一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈
7、述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3
8、) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5 be going to / will 用于条件句时， be going to表将来 will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it
9、 as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)7 一般现在时表将来1）下列动词
10、：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是
11、will come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.8 用现在进行时表示将来 意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等
12、。 Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。10 比较过去时与现在完成时 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yes
13、terday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach,
14、learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例： I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from
15、 Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 例子：Tom wrote
16、a letter to his parents last night. 11 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。 Thi
17、s is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 I havent received his letter for almost a month.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked i
18、n a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已
19、不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.13 since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past
20、 six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.14 延续动词与瞬间动
21、词1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才 He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10点15 过去完成时1） 概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|-
22、其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时以前 那时现在 2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had
23、 hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at t
24、he party. 注意：had no when还没等 就had no sooner than刚 就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.16 用一般过去时代替完成时 1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 When I heard the new
25、s, I was very excited.3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.17 将来完成时 1) 构成will / be going to do sth.2) 概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached S
26、hanghai by this time tomorrow.18 现在进行时基本用法：a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning re
27、d. Its getting warmer and warmer.d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always changing your mind.19 不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.
28、2) 心理状态的动词Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate例子：He loves her very much.3 )瞬间动词accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.例：I accept your advice.4) 系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear
29、, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn例子：You seem a little tired.20 过去进行时1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3) 常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and h
30、urt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.21 将来进行时1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 Ill be having a talk with her.2）常用的时间状语Soon, tomorrow, this
31、evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.22 一般现在时代替将来时（1）时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the
32、 minute, the day, the year, immediatelyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 (2 ) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)23 一般现在时代替过去时1 )书上说，报纸上说等。 The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
33、 Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.24 一般现在时代替完成时1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,remember.I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.2) 句型 It is since代替It has been since 3) It is (= has b
34、een) five years since we last met.25 一般现在时代替进行时句型：Here comes ； There goes 例子： Look, here comes Mr. Li.26 现在进行时代替将来时1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例子：We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。例子：He is dying.27 时态一致 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。At that time, people did not know tha
35、t the earth moves.He told me last week that he is eighteen. 2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。He thought that I need not tell you the truth.28 时态与时间状语 时态时间状语一般过去时every , sometimes,at , on Sunday, yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now一般将来时next, tomorrow, in+时间现在
36、完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently过去完成时before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, b
37、y this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening第二章 动词的语态（主动语态和被动语态）主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。此类动词为感官动词。feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.- I was made to go out of the classr
38、oom (by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playground.- He was seen to play football on the playground.2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 1. let 的用法 1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。 They let the strange go.- The strange was let
39、 go.2）若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.- I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.2 短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken
40、 care of by Grandma.Such a thing has never been heard of before.3 表示据说或相信 的词组believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand专心-专注-专业It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that 众所周知It is thought tha
41、t大家认为It is suggested that据建议It is taken granted that 被视为当然It has been decided that 大家决定It must be remember that务必记住的是4 不用被动语态的情况1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, standbreak out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take
42、 place.After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。The price has risen. The accident happened last week.The price has been raised. Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, hav
43、e, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3) 系动词无被动语态：appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, kee
44、p, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn例子：It sounds good.4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：die, death, dream, live, life例子：She dreamed a bad dream last night.5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例子： She likes to swim.5 主动形式表示被动意义1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write
45、, sell, driveThe book sells well这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, buildMuch work remains to be done.3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。6 被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries He is graduated from a