2015中考英语总复习专题十三——句子的种类(共8页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2015中考英语总复习专题十三 句子的种类考点一 陈述句和疑问句 一、陈述句 用来陈述一件事实或表达说话者看法的句子叫作陈述句,句末用句号表示句子的陈述结束。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。肯定句肯定句的基本结构是“主语 + 谓语”I play basketball after school. 我放学后打篮球。否定句(1)完全否定:常用not;no; no one;nobody;nothing;neither;none; never等词表示否定意义None of us have been to Canada. 我们都没去过加拿大。(2)部分否定:用hardly,seldom

2、,few, little等词表示not和both,all,each,every,quite,always等连用表示部分否定I can hardly see anything in the rain. 在雨中我几乎什么东西也看不见。 Not all students come to school by bus. 并非所有的学生都乘公共汽车来上学。二、疑问句 用来表示提问的句子叫作疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种。(一)一般疑问句用法例句(1)以系动词be开头的疑问句Are you a student? 你是学生吗?(2)以助动词开头的疑问句Do y

3、ou speak French? 你说法语吗?(3)以情态动词开头的疑问句Can you dance? 你会跳舞吗?(二)特殊疑问句 用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫作特殊疑问句。特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和由疑问词构成的疑问短语。引导词用法例句常用疑问代词what什么;who谁;whom谁(who的宾格);which哪个(些);whose谁的;疑问代词可以提问主语、谓语、表语或定语What are you doing? 你在干什么?常用疑问副词when何时;where何地;how怎么;why为什么Where are you going tomorrow? 明天你去哪儿?常用疑问短语what

4、time什么时刻;how many/much多少;how often多久一次;how soon多久;how long多长时间;how far多远;how old多大(年龄);how big多大How long have you been here? 你来这儿多久了?For 10 minutes. 十分钟了。(三)选择疑问句 用来在两种或两种以上情况中进行选择的疑问句叫作选择疑问句。答语不能用Yes/ No回答,而应从问句中选择一种情况进行回答。用法例句一般选择疑问句的构成:一般疑问句+or+被选择的内容Are you a teacher or a doctor? 你是一名老师还是一名医生?特殊

5、选择疑问句的构成:特殊疑问句+A or B? Which do you like better, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡你更喜欢哪一个?(四)反意疑问句 附在陈述句后对陈述内容进行反问的句子叫作反意疑问句,也叫附加疑问句。反意疑问句前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是简短问句。陈述部分用逗号结尾,反问部分用问号结尾。例如: Its a nice day, isnt it? 天气不错,不是吗?1. 基本结构:前肯后否;前否后肯。例如:We have talked about it, havent we? 我们已经谈过这件事了,不是吗?Mr. Smith isnt at home, is

6、he? 史密斯先生不在家,是吗? 【温馨提示】用法例句(1)疑问部分的主语必须与陈述部分的主语一致;当陈述部分的主语是名词或代词时,疑问部分要用相应的人称代词Mr. Black comes from the UK, doesnt he? 布莱克先生来自英国,不是吗?(2)疑问部分要与陈述部分的时态保持一致Tom went to the cinema yesterday, didnt he? 汤姆昨天去看电影了,不是吗?(3)答语是肯定的用 “Yes”; 答语是否定的用 “No”。前否后肯的反意疑问句yes译为“不”,no译为“是的”Ann didnt come to school last w

7、eek, did she? 安上周没来上学,对吗?No, she didnt. She was ill. 是的,她没来。她生病了。2. 特殊形式用法例句(1)陈述句是I am. . . ,反意疑问句用arent IIm your best friend, arent I? 我是你最好的朋友,不是吗?(2)当陈述部分是there be结构时,反意疑问句部分用thereThere are many birds in the tree, arent there? 树上有许多鸟,不是吗?(3)当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this,that时,反意疑问句部分的主语用it;主语是these或those时,反

8、意疑问句部分的主语用theyThis is an English car, isnt it? 这是一辆英国汽车,不是吗?These are Russian planes, arent they? 这些是俄罗斯飞机,不是吗?(4)当陈述部分含有never/ nothing/none/no one/seldom/ hardly/ few/little等否定副词时,反意疑问句用肯定形式She has never been abroad, has she? 她从来没有出过国,对吗?(5)如果陈述部分含有由否定前缀im-,dis-,un-等构成的否定意义的词,则陈述部分作肯定处理,反意疑问句仍用否定形式

9、Mary is unhappy, isnt she? 玛丽不高兴,是吗?(6)陈述句主语是不定代词something/anything/everything/nothing等时,反意疑问句中代词用itNothing is wrong with the computer, is it? 计算机没什么问题,是不是?(7)陈述句主语为somebody/ someone/anybody/anyone/everybody/everyone等时,反问句中代词用they或he,注意问句动词的数应与they/ he保持一致Everyone has known the news, hasnt he? / hav

10、ent they? 大家都知道这个消息了,是不是?(8)祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句是肯定形式,其反意疑问句用will you或 wont you皆可。 祈使句是否定形式,其反意疑问句通常只用will you构成。 以Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时, Lets用shall we构成反意疑问句,其他均用will you。Be sure to write to us, will/wont you? 一定要给我们写信,好吗? Dont smoke in the meeting room, will you? 请不要在会议室抽烟,好吗?Lets take a walk after supper, sh

11、all we? 晚饭后我们去散步,好吗? Let the boy go first, will you? 让那男孩先走,好吗?【温馨提示】陈述句是I think/I suppose/I believe/I consider等结构时,问句一般与从句保持一致。注意“否定前移”。I think you can do it better next time, cant you? 我觉得你下次可以做得更好,是不是?I dont believe there will be robots at peoples homes, will there? 我相信人们的家里不会有机器人的,会有吗?考点二 感叹句 类别

12、结构例句以what引导What + a/an+adj. +单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!What a beautiful mountain it is! 多么美丽的山啊!What+adj. +复数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!What great inventions he has made! 他的发明多么伟大啊!What+adj. +不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!What bad weather it is today! 今天的天气多么糟糕啊!以how引导How+adj. +a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!How clever a boy he is! 多么聪明的男孩!How+ad

13、j. /adv. +主语+谓语!How quickly Tom runs! 汤姆跑得真快!【巧学妙记】感叹句,并不难,what或how摆在前。强调名词用what,其余how很简单。名词若是可数单,前带冠词a或an。主语谓语放在后,省略也是很常见。考点三 祈使句 祈使句表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、建议、请求或命令等。主语you通常省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。表达请求或劝告时,祈使句句末或句首可以加上please表示委婉的语气。一、肯定祈使句的表现形式Do型动词原形(+宾语)+其他成分Please have a seat. 请坐。Be型Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其他成分Be qu

14、iet! 安静!Let型Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分Let me help you. 让我帮助你。二、否定祈使句的表现形式(1)Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont构成。例如: Dont forget me! 不要忘记我!Dont be late for school! 上学不要迟到! (2)Let型的否定式有两种:“Dont +let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分”和“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他成分”。例如:Dont let him go. /Let him not go. 别让他走。(3)有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。例如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!考点

15、四 倒装句 英语句子一般主语在前,谓语在后。但有时因为语法结构的要求或为了表达特殊的强调部分,会把句中的谓语提到主语前面。这种句子叫作倒装句。倒装句的常见句式:一、There be句型 There be句型表示“存在”,主语在be的后面。例如: There is some coffee in the cup. 杯中有些咖啡。1. there be与have的区别(1)There be结构表示“某地有某人/物”,强调客观存在。(2)have(has, had)表示“(某人)拥有某物”,强调所属关系。例如:Mr. Bush has two daughters. 布什先生有两个女儿。2. There

16、 be句型的句式变化(1)对There be句型中的主语提问用:Whats + 地点状语/时间状语? 例如:There are many birds in the forests. 树林里有许多鸟。Whats in the forests? 树林里有什么?(2)对There be句式中数量的提问How many + 可数名词 + are there + 地点状语? How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语? (3)There be句型中,反意疑问句的附加部分应用there。例如:Theres no air on the moon, is there? 月球上没有空气

17、,是吗?二、So+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语表示与上文中所述肯定情况相同。例如:Jack likes rice for lunch. 杰克午饭喜欢吃米饭。So do I. 我也是。【温馨提示】“So+主语+助动词/系动词/情态动词”表示“确实如此”,表示对上文所述情况的认可和肯定。例如:Jack likes rice for lunch. 杰克午饭喜欢吃米饭。So he does. 是啊。(他确实喜欢)三、Neither+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语 表示与上文中所述否定情况相同。例如: Peter has never been to Japan. 彼得从未去过日本。 Neither h

18、ave I. 我也没有去过。四、以副词开头的倒装句 以here, there, out, in, down, away等表示方位的副词开头的句子中,如果主语是名词,要用倒装句。谓语动词的形式由倒装句句尾的主语决定。例如: There comes the bus. 公交车来了。 Here are the results of the test. 测试结果出来了。考点五 主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词和主语在人称和数上保持一致,遵循三个原则:语法一致 意义一致 就近一致一、语法一致 是指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。1.

19、 主语是以下情况时,谓语动词用单数形式:不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等。例如:Coffee is more popular in western countries. 咖啡在西方国家更流行。Surfing sounds really interesting. 冲浪听起来真的很有趣。2. 主语是可数名词复数、复数代词,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Some boys are playing in the park. 一些男孩在公园里玩。They have been swimming for 2 hours. 他们已经游泳两个小时了。3. 以and和both

20、. . . and. . . 连接的并列主语是两个或两个以上的人或事物时,谓语动词用复数形式;若并列主语表示同一人或事物(and后的主语前没有冠词),则谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:Both Linda and her sister are students. 琳达和她妹妹都是学生。The book and cover is designed by Mike. 书和封面都是迈克设计的。4. 主语后跟下列词汇时,谓语动词的数和主语保持一致:with, along with, like, except, besides, as well as, together with, including, n

21、o less than, rather than, as much as等。例如:Jenny with her classmates reads English every morning. 珍妮和同学们每天早上都读英语。5. a number of + 复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;the number of + 复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:The number of doctors in the hospital is about 200 and a number of them are women doctors. 这家医院大约有200名医生,很多是女医生。6.

22、“one of + 名词复数 + 单数谓语动词”表示“之一”。例如:One of my pen pals is from Sydney. 我的笔友中有一位来自悉尼。7. none of 后面只能跟可数名词的复数形式,谓语动词用单数、复数都可以。例如:None of those books are/is good. 那些书中没有一本是好的。二、意义一致 是指谓语动词形式要与主语意义上的单复数形式保持一致。例如:1. 有些集体名词如family, class, public, group等作主语时, (1)若表示一个集体,谓语动词用单数形式; (2)若表示集体中的成员,谓语动词用复数形式。 例如:

23、 Our class is on the third floor. 我们班在三楼。 Our class are going to visit the museum tomorrow. 明天我们班要去参观博物馆。2. 有些集体名词如people, police等,表示复数意义,谓语动词只用复数形式;有些名词如news, means, politics等以-s结尾,但表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:The trousers dont fit me. They are too short. 这条裤子不适合我。它太短了。3. 复数名词表示时间、长度、重量、价格、距离等意义时,谓语动词用单数形式

24、。例如:Fifty years is a long time in ones life. 五十年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。Three dollars is enough for a pen. 三美元足够买支钢笔了。4. “the + 形容词”可以表示一类人,作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。例如:The old need more care. 老人更需要关爱。三、就近一致 是指由部分短语引导主语,谓语动词根据靠近它的主语名词决定单复数形式。1. There be, Here be句式的就近原则。例如:There is a book and some pencils on the desk. 桌子

25、上有一本书和几支铅笔。There are some pencils and a book on the desk. 桌子上有几支铅笔和一本书。2. Either. . . or. . . , Neither. . . nor. . . , Not only. . . but also. . . 引导主语时的就近原则。例如:Either you or your brother has forgotten to turn off the light before going to bed. 不是你就是你弟弟睡觉前忘了关灯。Not only Tom but (also) his parents en

26、joy swimming. 不仅汤姆,而且他的父母也都喜欢游泳。中考真题:. 单项选择1. (2012铜仁中考)Is this a Chinese book or an English book? Oh, _. A. Yes, it is B. No, it isnt C. An English book D. A music book【解析】选C。对于选择疑问句的回答,只能选其一,故选C。2. (2012黔西南州中考)When I was five, I drew very well. _. A. So did I B. So was I C. So I was D. So I did【解析

27、】选A。由上下文主语不一致知用倒装语序,再由上一句的时态为一般过去时,且谓语动词为实义动词drew, 故倒装语序中用助动词did。因此答案为A。3. (2012自贡中考)A subway will be built in our hometown before 2015. _! Will it pass my house? A. What an excited news B. What exciting news C. How exciting news【解析】选B。news是不可数名词,故用what引导感叹句。4. (2012荆州中考)How _ will the boss be back?

28、 In these days. A. far B. soon C. long D. often【解析】选B。由答语是in引导的时间状语,可知用how soon进行提问。5. (2012恩施中考)Its sunny today. Lets go mountain climbing, _? Good idea! A. shall we B. will you C. wont you【解析】选A。lets引导的祈使句其反意疑问句用shall we。6. (2012黄石中考)They can hardly speak English, _? A. cant they B. wont they C. c

29、an they D. will they【解析】选C。hardly是否定副词,故用肯定形式进行反意疑问,故选C。7. (2012达州中考)I have never been to Hawaii. What about Mike? _. A. So has he B. So he does C. Neither he has D. Neither has he【解析】选D。由上文“我从没去过夏威夷。”是否定内容可知应该用neither引导,再由上下文主语不一致,因此用倒装语序,故选D。8. (2011济南中考) _ interesting the storybook is! Yes. I hav

30、e read it twice. A. What a B. What C. How a D. How【解析】选D。考查感叹句的用法。根据句意:这本故事书是多么有趣呀!是的。我已经读了两遍了。可以推知符合“How+形容词+主语+谓语!”的感叹句的结构。故选D。9. (2011滨州中考)_ wonderful news report he wrote! All of us were proud of him. A. What a B. What C. How D. How a 【解析】选A。考查感叹句。结合感叹句结构故先排除D,句中的中心词是可数名词report,how后接中心词应该是形容词。故排

31、除B和C。故选A。10. (2011阜康中考) _ today! Yes. Shall we have a picnic in the open air? A. What fine weather is B. How fine weather it isC. What a fine weather it is D. How fine the weather is【解析】选D。考查感叹句。感叹句的构成what+adj. +可数名词复数+(主)+(谓)what+a/an+adj. +可数名词单数+(主)+(谓)How+adj. /adv. +(主)+(谓),故选D。11. (2011乐山中考) _

32、 is it from Leshan to Chengdu? Im not sure, but it takes about two hours to get there by bus. A. How soon B. How far C. How fast【解析】选B。由答语“我不确定,但是乘车去那里大约花费两个小时。”可知对方询问的是从乐山到成都的距离,故用how far进行提问。故选B。12. (2011内江中考) _ do you speak English so well? Because I practice it with my partner every day. A. Why

33、B. When C. Who【解析】选A。由答语是because引导的原因状语从句可知上文询问的是“你为什么英语说得这么好?”故选A。13. (2011广安中考)How much is the pair of shoes? Twenty dollars _ enough. A. is B. are C. am【解析】选A。表示时间、距离、价格、重量、长度等名词或短语作主语时,通常把它作为一个整体概念,谓语动词用单数。故选A。14. (2011黄石中考)Dont make so much noise. Lily, _? A. do you B. dont you C. will you D. w

34、ont you【解析】选C。考查反意疑问句的用法。否定祈使句的反意疑问句用“will you”,故选C。15. (2011黄冈中考)Mr. Wangs never been to Canada, has he? _. He went there on business last week. A. No, he hasnt B. Yes, he has C. No, he has D. Yes, he hasnt【解析】选B。由答语第二句“上个周他去那里出差了。”可知王先生去过加拿大。故用Yes, he has. 作答。故选B。16. (2011铜仁中考)Neither my father no

35、r my mother _ rock music. They think that its too _. A. like; noise B. likes; noise C. like; noisy D. likes; noisy【解析】选D。neither. . . nor连接并列主语时谓语动词和最近的主语保持一致;noise“噪音”,是名词,不可被副词too修饰;noisy“嘈杂的;喧闹的”,是形容词,可以被副词too修饰。故选D。17. (2011福州中考) Li Mei usually helps others, _? Yes, she is kind-hearted. A. does

36、she B. is she C. doesnt she【解析】选C。反意疑问句的时态和人称主要由陈述部分决定,同时遵守“前肯后否,前否后肯”的原则。故选C。18. (2011德州中考)I havent seen the film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. _. A. Neither have I B. So have I C. Neither I have D. So I have【解析】选A。由上句是否定情况可排除B、D两项,用neither引导;再由主语不一致可知应该用倒装结构,故选A。 19. (2011贵港中考)I hop

37、e the summer vacation will come soon. _. Its really relaxing. A. So I did B. So I do C. So did I D. So do I【解析】选D。考查so引导的倒装句。根据答句中“它真的非常令人放松”可判定答语表示“我也希望”。若表示后者也具有上文提到的情况,用倒装句so+助动词+主语,由上句的时态是一般现在时态可知选D。20. (2011广东中考)Alice had nothing for breakfast this morning, _? No. She got up too late. A. had sh

38、e B. hadnt she C. did she D. didnt she 【解析】选C。 nothing是否定代词,故反问部分用肯定形式,再由谓语动词是实义动词had,故用助动词did进行反问,故选C。21. (2011安徽中考)Hey, Nick. _ comes the last bus! Hurry up, or well have to walk home. A. This B. There C. That D. It【解析】选B。以here,there开头的句子,且主语是名词时用倒装语序。故选B。22. (2011绵阳中考)The number of books in the b

39、ookshop is about 10, 000 and a number of them _ about science. A. is B. was C. are D. were【解析】选C。“a number of+复数名词”意为“许多;大量的”,其修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,再由时态为一般现在时可知答案为C。. 句型转换1. (2012自贡中考)Martin used to give his mother a lot of trouble. (改为否定句)Martin _ _ to give his mother a lot of trouble. 2. (2011临沂中考)

40、Alice has a tennis racket. (改为一般疑问句)_ Alice _ a tennis racket? 答案:1. didnt use/used not 2. Does; have 3. (2011安顺中考)The students will learn the group dance on the school playground. (对画线部分提问)_ _ the students learn the group dance? 4. (2011上海中考)The beach is a nice place for tourists. (改为感叹句)_ _ nice p

41、lace the beach is for tourists! 答案:3. Where will 4. What a 5. (2011乌鲁木齐中考)She hardly knew how to solve this math problem. (改为反意疑问句)She hardly knew how to solve this math problem, _ _? 6. (2011乐山中考)We will turn off the lights for an hour on Earth Day. (对画线部分提问)_ _ we turn off the lights for an hour? 答案:5. did she 6. When will专心-专注-专业

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