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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Table of Contents专心-专注-专业Practice 1Scientists typically submit their papers to the editorial board of a journal specializing in a particular field of research. 1 the paper is accepted for publication, the editorial board sends it out for peer review. During this procedure a panel of exp
2、erts, or referees, 2 the paper, judging whether or not the research has been carried 3 in a fully scientific manner. If the referees are satisfied, publication 4. If they have 5, some of the research may have to be repeated, but if they 6 serious flaws, the entire paper may be rejected for publicati
3、on.The peer-review process plays a critical role because it 7 high standards of scientific method. 8, it can be a controversial area, as it allows 9 views to become involved. Because scientists are human, they cannot avoid 10 personal opinions about the value of each others work. Furthermore, becaus
4、e referees 11 to be senior figures, they may be less than welcoming to new or unorthodox ideas.Once a paper has been accepted and published, it becomes part of the vast and 12 body of scientific knowledge. In the early days of science, new research was always published in printed form, but today sci
5、entific information spreads by many different 13. Most major journals are now available via the Internet, which makes them quickly 14 to scientists all over the world.When new research is published, it often acts as a springboard for further work. Its impact can then be 15 by seeing how 16 the publi
6、shed research appears as a cited work. Major scientific breakthroughs are cited thousands of times a year, but at the other 17, obscure pieces of research may be cited 18 or not at all. However, citation is not always a 19 guide to the value of scientific work. Sometimes a piece of research will go
7、largely 20, only to be rediscovered in subsequent years.1.A WhenB BeforeC SinceD If2.A superviseB assessC valueD administer3.A overB offC onD out4.A goes aheadB keeps upC takes overD turns up5.A conceptionsB expectationsC reservationsD limitations6.A addressB justifyC identifyD suppress7.A assuresB
8、ensuresC confidesD guarantees8.A ThereforeB HenceC IndeedD However9.A objectiveB sensitiveC subjectiveD competitive10.A developingB injectingC expressingD transmitting11.A intendB tendC happenD fear12.A ever-inflatingB ever-expandingC ever-extendingD ever-accelerating13.A directionsB timesC versions
9、D means14.A amiableB accessibleC agreeableD accountable15.A gaugedB countedC concealedD calculated16.A soonB farC oftenD long17.A pointB aspectC extremeD level18.A frequentlyB oddlyC rarelyD occasionally19.A reliableB availableC identifiableD suitable20.A undoubtedB unexpectedC unsuspectedD unnotice
10、dPractice 2Money talk has long been considered unacceptable in the workplace, but its not just social norms that have kept such conversations in the dark. According to a 2011 survey, almost half of all American workers are either 1 prohibited or strongly discouraged by their employers from discussin
11、g their pay with coworkers. 2 when its not against the rules, experts warn 3 bringing up the pay scale with people in your office. For one, says career coach Carin Rockind, “if management ever found out, it makes you look 4 and could backfire.”Rockind emphasizes that these 5 usually lead to disappoi
12、ntment and lower job satisfaction. A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research reached the same 6 The researchers gave a random set of University of California employees 7 to a website that 8 University workers salary information. 9 workers who discovered that they made less than average 10
13、reported lower job satisfaction, there was no 11 increase in reported satisfaction among those who found out that their earnings were above average.Pamela Teagarden, an expert in corporate behavioral psychology, says that salary comparison conversations often 12 because most workplaces 13 in what is
14、 known as a “Prisoners Dilemma.” 14 cooperating, colleagues are forced to compare and compete because everyone is trying for the next promotion, for the 15.” Comparing salaries only 16 that dynamic, 17 a teams ability to work together toward a common goal. To avoid this problem, Teagarden recommends
15、 that companies 18 other, non-monetary, “extrinsic motivators,” like encouraging friendship among coworkers and valuing employees opinions.Rockind also emphasizes this non-monetary 19. “Theres a 20 in our society that money leads to happiness,” Rockind says. “But its actually the other way around: I
16、ts not that money leads to happiness; its that happy people make more money.”1.A expresslyB generallyC implicitlyD inevitably2.A OnlyB ButC HenceD Even3.A overB againstC forD on4.A depressedB dissatisfiedC eccentricD furious5.A rumoursB whispersC conversationsD concepts6.A decisionB determinationC c
17、onclusionD solution7.A rightB opportunityC creditD access8.A listedB raisedC performedD extended9.A WhenB SinceC WhileD If10.A ultimatelyB essentiallyC immediatelyD cheerfully11.A astonishingB considerableC reciprocalD dramatic12.A increaseB ariseC proceedD suspend13.A manipulateB manageC involveD o
18、perate14.A Other thanB No more thanC More thanD Rather than15.A winB wealthC reputationD praise16.A interferesB reinforcesC breaksD activates17.A underminingB influencingC shapingD paralyzing18.A carry onB focus onC insist onD put on19.A trendB fashionC approachD motivator20.A prototypeB conventionC
19、 traditionD beliefPractice 3The outcry over Internet firms habit of secretly tracking web surfers activities has clearly resonated inside the White House. On March 16th the Obama administration announced that it 1 to work with Congress to produce “a privacy bill of rights” giving American consumers
20、greater 2 over how their information is collected and used by digital marketers. The bill will seek to 3 the basic principles of Internet privacy rights, 4 following recommendations published by the Department of Commerce. The departments report said consumers should be told more about why data are
21、being collected about them and how they are used; and it called for stricter 5 on what companies can do with information they collect.Whatever legislation finally emerges is likely to give a broader 6 to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which will almost certainly be 7 with deciding how those pri
22、nciples are 8 into practice and with policing their implementation. Among other things, the FTC is known to be 9 on a formal “do not track” system, which would allow users to 10 certain sites from monitoring their online activities. 11 all this may decrease their revenues, Americas Internet giants c
23、ould also benefit from the legislation if it helps them in their 12 with the European Union. The EUs already fairly strict rules on privacy are being 13 further. The time-consuming and expensive legal hoops the EU makes American Internet firms jump 14, to be allowed to 15 Europeans online data, will
24、 become more 16. 17 by passing its own online-privacy “bill of rights” America can convince the EU to 18 this legal burden, then it will be an important 19 for American companies. Google, Facebook and others will no doubt be trackingboth online and offlinethe progress of EU-American talks on this ma
25、tter very 20.1.A urgesB promisesC conductsD intends2.A emphasisB controlC bargainD supervision3.A lay downB figure outC take upD put in4.A broadlyB thoroughlyC eventuallyD completely5.A constitutionsB measuresC limitsD means6.A visionB senseC roleD support7.A chargedB burdenedC integratedD occupied8
26、.A introducedB takenC persuadedD translated9.A decisiveB enthusiasticC keenD predominant10.A blockB guardC superviseD remove11.A Now thatB BecauseC AlthoughD Provided12.A negotiationsB dealingsC associationsD debates13.A tightenedB observedC hardenedD challenged14.A inB overC aroundD through15.A ana
27、lyseB handleC collectD trade16.A reasonableB susceptibleC demandingD complicated17.A SinceB UnlessC IfD While18.A addressB eliminateC ignoreD ease19.A conclusionB winC bonusD transition20.A eagerlyB hopefullyC closelyD cheerfullyPractice 4The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines on
28、ce the countrys speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the 1 could become a poll tax on wheels, 2 huge number of drivers. There could be many more incidents of deliberate damaging 3 cameras. The warnings came 4 a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces i
29、n England and Wales were either 5 to expansion plans or considering 6.Nationwide, the number of speeding tickets is expected to increase threefold, 7 90 million a year. 8 the scheme, police keep some of the cash from fines to 9 the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and 10 that existing
30、ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed 11 at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by 12 a half.But motoring organizations 13 cameras wil
31、l be sited on relatively safe but fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to 14 the “threshold” speeds at which cameras are 15 to the absolute legal minimum15 mph in a 10 mph limit, and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their
32、 speedometers instead of concentrating on the road, and 16 to more accidents. Sue Nicholson, head of campaigns at the RAC, said, “We dont have a problem with speed cameras 17. But we do have concerns about 18 they are sited. Police risk losing credibility 19 motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-
33、raising 20 safety devices.”1.A promotionsB punishmentsC penaltiesD payments2.A isolatingB separatingC alienatingD detaching3.A towardsB againstC beforeD over4.A soB onceC asD where5.A subjectedB engagedC intendedD committed6.A taking partB keeping silentC making exceptionD paying respect7.A financin
34、gB profitingC fundingD netting8.A FromB UnderC OnD With9.A hideB coverC concealD veil10.A pledgingB assuringC confirmingD ensuring11.A essentiallyB stronglyC particularlyD purely12.A in allB fewer thanC at mostD up to13.A fearB hopeC expectD doubt14.A fitB putC setD fix15.A leveredB gearedC handledD
35、 triggered16.A leadB addC contributeD resort17.A any lessB by itselfC after allD as such18.A whoB whenC whereD which19.A inB withC againstD for20.A in spite ofB far fromC rather thanD by means ofPractice 5The phrase “Mozart Effect” conjures an image of a pregnant woman who, sporting headphones over
36、her belly, is convinced that playing classical music to her unborn child will improve the childs intelligence. But is there science to 1 this idea?A short paper published in Nature in 1993 unwittingly introduced the 2 Mozart effect to the masses. Psychologist Frances Rauschers study involved 36 coll
37、ege kids who listened to either 10 minutes of a Mozart sonata in D-major, a relaxation track or 3 before performing several spatial reasoning tasks. It found that students who had listened to Mozart seemed to 4 significant improvement in their performance.5 in 1999 psychologist Christopher Chabris p
38、erformed a meta-analysis on studies 6 to the Mozart effect to survey its overall 7. He 8 that the improvement could simply be a result of the natural variability a person experiences between two test sittings.Earlier this year, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research in Germany published a se
39、cond review study 9 a cross-disciplinary team of 10 inclined scientists who declared the phenomenon 11. “I would simply say that there is no 12 evidence that children who listen to classical music are going to have 13 improvement in cognitive abilities,” adds Rauscher.14 its rejection by the scienti
40、fic community, companies continue to 15 classical music to parents of children who can purportedly listen their way to greater smarts.Chabris says the real danger isnt in this 16 marketing, but in parents shirking roles they are evolutionarily meant to 17. It takes away from other kinds of 18 that m
41、ight be beneficial for children, such as playing with them and keeping them 19 via social activity. That is the 20 to a truly intelligent child, not the symphonies of a long-dead Austrian composer.1.A put upB take upC back upD make up2.A assumedB quotedC supposedD predicted3.A silenceB noiseC twitterD bark4.A cultivateB containC releaseD show5.A SoB ButC WhileDAs6.A oppositeB beneficialC attachedD related7.A effectiveness