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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上名词一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。 名 词 分 类 表类别用法例词注意事项普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或事物中的个体pen,student常考不可数名词:paper hair air orange homework housework rice ink money bread music weather常考可数名词:knifenewspaper tomatopotato kangaroo mouthsheep photo leaf deer集体名词是若干个体组成的集合体school,family不可数名词物
2、质名词表示无法分为个体的实物 tea,fish抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念work,time专用名词表示某个(些)人,地方,机构等专用名称Marx,China专有名词的首字母通常要大写。若是专有名词词组,则其中每个单词的首字母要大写;若是缩略词,则通常每个字母都大写。WC二、分类 1.普通名词 普通名词表示一类人或事物所共有的名称,或表示物质名词和抽象概念的名称。普通名词包括个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词。(1) 个体名词 表示个体人或事物的名词叫个体名词,有单,复数之分,可以和不定冠词a,an连用。 a bird 一只鸟 a bear 一只熊 an eraser 一块
3、橡皮 也可以和基数词搭配表示具体的单数。 two chairs 两把椅子 five boys 五个男孩 集体名词 表示一群人或一类事物的集合体的名词叫集体名词。 family 家庭 team 队 police 警察 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质名称叫物质名词,通常没有复数形式。这类名词通常不能和不定冠词a,an连用,也不能和基数词表示个数。 air 空气 milk 牛奶 meat 肉注意; 不可以说 a water,two waters. 抽象名词 表示事物的性质,人的品质,行为,状态,情感等抽象概念的名词叫抽象名词。 Health 健康 danger 危险 love 爱 2.专有名词(P
4、roper Nouns) 表示具体的人或物、地点、机构、团体、国家、节日等名称的词叫专有名词,专有名词一般表示的是独一无二的食物,第一个字母要大写。有些专有名词前面要带冠词the,有的专有名词前不带冠词the。(1)不带冠词the的专有名词,第一个字母一般要大写。人名、尊称和头衔。如Karl Marx 卡尔马克思 Premier Zhou 周总理 Uncle Tom汤姆叔叔地理名称。如:Beijing 北京 Africa 非洲 Boston 波士顿星期和月份。如:Saturday 星期 January 一月节日。如:National Day 国庆节 New Years Eve 除夕 Child
5、rens Day 儿童节 Christmas 圣诞节(2) 带冠词the的专有名词表是全体国民的专有名词前加定冠词the,如; the Chinese 中国人当姓氏的名词表示一家人或夫妻俩人,专有名词前加定冠词the, the Smiths 史密斯一家表示书籍,报刊,杂志的名词前一般加定冠词the, the Times 泰晤士报表示机构团体,学校,医院,公共建筑的名词前要加the,the West Lake Middle School 西湖中学表示江河湖坏,运河,海湾,山脉等名词前加the,the Yellow River 黄河 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋由普通名词构成的专有名
6、词,The Great Wall 长城 the United States 美国三数 I.可数名词有单复数之分,单数名词一般要和不定冠词a,an连用。 当单词的音标以元音因素开始用an,辅音因素开始用a 常考与an,a连用的单词或词组 apple/orange/ant/umbrella/elephant u hour/honest boy eight-year-old boy/eleven-year-old girl uniform an Englishman/Australian/American a old man/orange hat useful book m n h f l s x
7、interesting story/exciting movie university studentII.可数名词的复数,不可与不定冠词a,an连用,但可以修饰的词;some,any,few,a fewno,a lot of/lots of 可数名词的复数有规则变化与不规则变化规则变化规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, dog-dogs, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-e
8、sleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives加-sroof-roofs, belief-beliefs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-t
9、omatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, kilo-kilos名词变复数的 发音规律7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos构词法读音例词一般在词尾加-s(包括以e结尾)清清(-s在清辅音后读作/s/)浊浊(-s在浊辅音后读作/z/)元浊(-s在元音后读作/z/)cap-caps /kps/dog-dogs /dz/boy-boys /bz/以s,x,ch,sh等结尾加-es-es读/z/class-classes / kl:sz/watch-watches /wtz/以ce,s
10、e,ge,dge,ze等结尾的单词加-s-s读/z/face-faces /fesz/orange-oranges /rndz/以f或者fe结尾的词,一般变为ves-ves读作/ vz /knife-knifves /navz/以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,然后再加-es-ies读作/z/baby-babies /beb z/family-families /fmlz/不规则变化规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice tooth-teeth 2单复数相同sheep, deer, f
11、ish, li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, glasses, shoes,gloves,socks,boots,jeans,shorts4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) class, family, team6词尾发生变化 child-children ox-oxen7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Ja
12、panese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men teachers9复数形式表示特别含义drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), greens(青菜)10指示代词的复数thi
13、s-these that-those注意:hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。 如would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果? we bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果, china has some good fruits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) she has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。 his black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。 wind
14、,snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。 集体名词如family,class,team既可作单数(整体),也可作复数(成员) Eg.I have a big family. 我有一个大家族。 (整体) My family are watching TV in the living room. 我的家人在客厅看电视。(成员)只有复数形式的衣服词汇:shoes jeans glasses socks gloves 做主语为复数:Here are your shoes. 这是你的鞋子。 被量词修饰,单复数随量词:This pair of glasses is mine
15、. 这副眼镜是我的。III.不可数名词一不可数名词的概念 一般来说,不可数名词主要是以物质名词与抽象名词为主。它们通常没有复数形式,也不能与a ,an 连用。在表示“一”或“几”的数量概念时,不可数名词必须与相应的量词连用。修饰不可数名词的数量词语有:some, any, much, a lot of, a little等。例如:a box of milk 一盒牛奶 some water 一些水 much food 大量的食物 a little time 一点时间二、不可数名词的归类: 1、表示液体:water, juice, milk,coffee, coke, ink(墨水) 2、表示自然
16、现象:snow, rain, ice 3、表示食品类:bread, rice, jam(果酱), honey(蜂蜜), meat,mutton(羊肉), beef(牛肉), pork(猪肉), chicken(鸡肉),fish(鱼肉),tofu(豆腐).food ice-cream (冰激凌) 4、其它类:paper(纸), news(新闻), homework(作业),housework(家务活)Chant:物质名词不可数,金、木、水、火、土与沙;牛奶、面包、布与茶;咖啡、果汁、葡萄酒;新闻.、粉笔、墨水纸,煤、油,天天气气空气送到家。当不可数名词需要计量时,要用“数词或冠词+of+不可数名
17、词”来表示。 a piece of一块/张/片 a piece of paper two pieces of paper a piece of bread -two pieces of bread a piece of music -some pieces of music a loaf of 一个 a loaf of bread -some loaves of breada bar of 一条 a bar of chocolate -three bars of chocolatea bottle of一瓶 a bottle of milk ten bottles of milka bowl
18、of.一碗 a bowl of rice -two bowls of ricea cup of.一杯. a cup of coffee -two cups of coffeea glass of.一杯. a glass of milk -three glasses of milk四、所有格 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。如Marys mother (玛丽的父亲) a map of China (中国地图) s所有格的构成 单数名词在末尾加sthe boys fathe
19、r, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加Dickens novels, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and M
20、arys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles s所有格的用法表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表
21、示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view涉及所有格的节日:Teachers Day 教师节 【9月1日】Workers Day 劳动节 【5月1日】Mothers Day 母亲节 【5月第二个周日】Fathers Day 父亲节 【6月第三个周日】New Years Day 元旦 【1月1日】Childrens Day 儿童节 【6月1日】April Fools Day 愚人节 【4月1日】of 所
22、有格的用法 1 用于无生命的东西the legs of the chair, the cover of the book,a picture of my family 2用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时the classrooms of the first-year students常考的of所有格:a map of China 中国地图 a picture of my family 我的全家福the capital of China 中国首都 the door of the classroom 教室的门综合练习一选择a/an填空。1. _elephant 2._tree 3._hambu
23、rger 4. _ice-cream 5. _computer6. _orange 7._hour 8._American car 9._orange cap 10._m9. _eraser 10._old man 11._English teacher 12._u 13._ant二 将下面词汇归类。 A.money B.weather C.news D.fish E.story F.Japanese G.people H.tofu I.rice J.paper K.crayon L.beef M.bread N.noodles O.ice-cream P.cake 可数名词:_不可数名词:_
24、三把下列单词改成复数形式。1. class_2.bus_3.glass_4.dress_5.box_ 6.mouth_ 7.watch_8.peach_9.fish_10.wolf_11.knife_12.tomato_ 13.story_14.baby_15.sheep_16.German_17.policeman_18.child_19.this_20.that_21.goose_22.tooth_四 写出下列单词的单数形式。1. potatoes_ 2.strawberries_ 3.knives_ 4.photos_5.feet_ 6.those_ 7.women_ 8.leaves_
25、 9.children_五按词填空。1.Look, there are three _(boy).2.Two _ (man) are walking.3.There is a _(teacher) in the classroom.4.How many _(apple) can you see?5.I can see 4_(apple)6. Is there a _(box) in the room?7 There are many_(sheep) in the zoo.8. We can see five_(monkey) in the zoo.9. These are_(monkey).1
26、0. They are_(fox).11. Those are _(tomato).12. Theyre _(knife).六、单项选择。( )1. Whats_name, Peter? A. he B. him C. the boy D. the boys( )2. That girl is Susan. She is_. . A.a friend of my sisters B.a friend my sisters C.a friend of my sister D.a friend of my sisters( )3. We have some_, but we need some_.
27、 A.tomatos; potatos B.tomatoes; potatos C.tomatoes; potatoes D.tomatos; potatoes( )4. Father has_for breakfast. A.two piece of bread B.two pieces of bread C.two piece of breads D.two pieces of breads( )5. Maths_my favourite subject. A. is B. am C. are d. be( )6. Water_ very important. A. is B. am C.
28、 are d. be( )7. Tom has two_. A. box B. pen C. computers d. car( )8. She must look after those_. A. dog B. sheep C. parrot D. animal( )9. The boy is thirsty. He would like_. A. a cup of tea B. a bowl of rice C. a box of chocolate D. a piece of bread( )10. Its sunny outside. I would like_. A.a pair o
29、f gloves B. a pair of sun glasses C. a pair of shoes D. a pair of trousers.( ) 11. He has two big_. A. eyes B. hairs C. noses D. mouths( ) 12. There is a_and two_in my bag. A. pencil-box; pen B. pencil-box; pencils C. pencil-boxes; pen D. pencil-boxes; pencils( )13. I want_, please. A. a glass water
30、 B. a water C. two glass of water D. a glass of water( )14. Li Jie is_. A. mine friendB. friend of my brother C. a friend to my brotherD. a friend of my brothers( )15. Those_are for you. A. shirts B. skirt C. shoe D. dress( )16. We have_and_at noon. A. tomatoes; potatoesB. tomatoes; potatos C. tomat
31、os; potatosD. tomatos; potatoes( )17. My_are white. A. sock B. sockes C. socks D. shoe( )18. What are these? They are_. A. deers B. a deer C. deer D. deeres( )19. Mrs Green is_mother. A. Lucys and LilysB. Lucy and Lilys C. Lucy and Lily D. Lucys and Lily( )20. Ben saw the forty_in a cave (山洞) A. thi
32、efs B. thieves C. thief D.thief( )21._are going to see a film. A. Greens B. The Green s C. The Greens D. The Greens( )22. Joan is_sister. A. Mary and Kack B. Marys and Jacks C. Marys and Jack D. Mary and Jacks ( )23. I will give you_to finish it. A. two weeks time B. two weeks time C. two week time
33、D. two weeks time( )24. September 10th is_. A. Teachers Day. B. Teachers Day C. Teachers Day. D. the teachers Day七、把下列句子变成复数形式。1.What is this? _ 2.This is a bus. _ 3.That is a tomato. _ 4.She is a woman doctor. _ 5.It is a knife. _ 6.There is an orange on the tree. _八把下列句子变为单数句。1.There are some orange knives on the desk. _2.There are some American boxes in my bag._3.They are men teachers. _4.These are interesting stories. _5.Do you have new radios? _6.The children have some apples. _专心-专注-专业