《英语句子中的就近原则(共8页).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语句子中的就近原则(共8页).doc（8页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”要限制，决定谓语动词的形式变化，这就叫“主谓一致”关系。它通常依据三项原则：1）语法一致； 2）意义一致； 3）就近一致。【语法一致原则】I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗？ Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主语your mother 是单数第三人称）II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名
2、词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。e.g.The work is important . 这项工作重要。To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。II. 以“and ”或“both and”连接的并列主语
3、：1.通常作复数用 。e.g.Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），作单数用。e.g.The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。Truth and
4、 honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。e.g.Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时：1. a）“many a + 单名 ”接单数
5、谓语：“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。b）a / an + 单名+ or two 大多接单数谓语： one or two + 复名接复数谓语。e.g.Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。c）a / an
6、 + 单名+ and a half常接单数谓语；“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g.A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。d） more than one + 单名大多接单数谓语。e.g.More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。more + 复名+ than one 接复数谓语。e.g.More students than one have been there . 不止一个学
7、生去过那儿。more than two (three,)+复名 接复数谓语。e.g.More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。2 .主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre / )of”等时，表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g.a）There is only a
8、 small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的纸（书）了。Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。b）This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。This kind of apples is (are) sweet . （大多依 kind ，作单数用 ）These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . （总作复数用）但:Apples of this kind are sweet . （总作复数用）3. 主语后接“with”等构成的短语修饰成分
9、时：谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g.A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们，我也愿帮助你。4. one of + 复数名词+ 定语从
10、句：1）定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。（关系词“that”代“novels”）He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。2）若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等时，定语从句的关系词指代one，作从句主语时，接单数谓语。e.g.He was the only one of the boys who was praa
11、ised .他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。(关系词who 代 the only one )【意义一致原则（Notional Concord）】I. 集合名词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分）1. 有些通常作复数用（不变词形）。如：“people , police , cattle (牛，牲口)，folk , youth , militia (民兵)”，等。e.g.The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。2. 有些指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“成员”时作复数（不变词形）。如 army , audience(听众),class ,club （俱乐部) ,c
12、ompany(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team .等。e.g.Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。The public are (is )requested not to litter . 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如：families , two cl
13、asses .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如：peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。II. 代词作主语时：（参见“代词”部分）1. 不定代词each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+单名)等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。e.g.Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。Neither plan suits me .Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划
14、都不适合我。2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,noone ,nothig ”等。e.g.Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗？There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。3. 下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g.Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us
15、 . 没几个（客人）是我们熟识的。Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数：1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁？Who are League Members .哪些是团员？2）all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),等。e.g.All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的学生）都在用功。A
16、ll (of the paint ) is fine .（这些油漆）都很好。3）half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的），等。e.g.Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时：1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语
17、，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g.Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work w
18、as done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。4. a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) +复数名词，常作复数用。e.g.A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。但是，“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词，作单数。e.g.The number of students
19、 in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。.单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分）1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。e.g.Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。e.g.Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”）What are your politiscs?
20、你的政治观点如何？2. “works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种，aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g.This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架)
21、, manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。（但news（消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。）. the + 形容词/分词作主语时：1. 指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。e.g.The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。2.指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。e.g.The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的
22、不一定中用。The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。.专用名词作主语时：1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g.The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 天方夜谭很有趣。2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可，尤其是编成集子的书。e.g.Dickens Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .狄更
23、斯所著的美国笔记出版于1842年。“what等引导的从句”作主语时：1. 大多作单数用。e.g.What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。What he says doesnt agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g.What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的
24、是几本书。【就近一致原则（Proximity）】也称“邻近原则”，即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。I.在正式文体中：1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：or ; either or；nor; neitheror；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g.What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。Not you but your father is to blame
25、. 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。II. 非正式文体中：有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式）Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。 专心-专注-专业