《外文文献及翻译(共16页).docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《外文文献及翻译(共16页).docx（16页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上学校代码： 10128学 号： 6本科毕业论文（题 目：STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT 学生姓名：王雪琴学 院：管理学院系 别：会计系专 业：财务管理班 级：财管12-2班指导教师： 教授/副教授/讲师（英文参考文献及译文）二一六年六月 STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT- views, recommendations, fi ndingsPhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANUAbstractThe rapi
2、d increase in the size of U.S. companies from the early twentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selection of a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, to characterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes of transac
3、tions. Sampling is not used only in audit is used in sampling surveys, market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach a conclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of these data. The difference is the “population” from which the sample is selected, ie that
4、set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling applies only to certain types of audit procedures.Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests of controls, substantive procedures.Statistical samplingCommittee statistical sampling of American Institute of Cert
5、ified Public Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled “Statistical sampling and independent auditors which allowed the use of statistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of papers o
6、n statistical sampling, “Auditors Approach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional education of accountants. During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditors Approach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional educatio
7、n of accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, “Audit Sampling”, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical.Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period covered by the audited financial statements. At that time
8、, the literature has not given particular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures program printed in the “Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks)” included several references to sampling such as selecting the “few items” of inventory.专心-专注-专业The program was developed
9、by a special committee, which later became the AICPA, that of Certified Public Accountants American Institute.In the first decades of last century, the auditors often applied sampling, but sample size was not in related to the efficiency of internal control of the entity. In 1955, American Institute
10、 of Accountants has published a study case of extending the audit sampling, summarizing audit program developed by certified public accountants, to show why sampling is necessary to extend the audit. The study was important because is one of the leading journal on sampling which recognize a relation
11、ship of dependency between detail and reliability testing of internal control.In 1964, the AICPAs Auditing Standards Board has issued a report entitled “The relationship between statistical sampling and Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)” which illustrated the relationship between the accu
12、racy and reliability in sampling and provisions of GAAS.In 1978, the AICPA published the work of Donald M. Roberts, “Statistical Auditing” which explains the underlying theory of statistical sampling in auditing.In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, named “Audit Sampling”, which provides
13、guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical.An auditor does not rely solely on the results of a single procedure to reach a conclusion on an account balance, class of transactions or operational effectiveness of the controls. Rather, the audit findings are based on combined
14、 evidence from several sources, as a consequence of a number of different audit procedures. When an auditor selects a sample of a population, his objective is to obtain a representative sample, ie sample whose characteristics are identical with the populations characteristics. This means that select
15、ed items are identical with those remaining outside the sample.In practice, auditors do not know for sure if a sample is representative, even after completion the test, but they “may increase the probability that a sample is representative by accuracy of activities made related to design, sample sel
16、ection and evaluation” 1. Lack of specificity of the sample results may be given by observation errors and sampling errors. Risks to produce these errors can be controlled.Observation error (risk of observation) appears when the audit test did not identify existing deviations in the sample or using
17、an inadequate audit technique or by negligence of the auditor.Sampling error (sampling risk) is an inherent characteristic of the survey, which results from the fact that they tested only a fraction of the total population. Sampling error occurs due to the fact that it is possible forthe auditor to
18、reach a conclusion, based on a sample that is different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would have been subject to audit procedures identical. Sampling risk can be reduced by adjusting the sample size, depending on the size and population characteristics and using
19、 an appropriate method of selection. Increasing sample size will reduce the risk of sampling; a sample of the all population will present a null risk of sampling.Audit Sampling is a method of testing for gather sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, for the purposes of audit. The auditor may dec
20、ide to apply audit sampling on an account balance or class of transactions. Sampling audit includes audit procedures to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions, so all the sample able to be selected. Auditor is required to determine appropriate ways of selectin
21、g items for testing. Audit sampling can be used as a statistical approach and a non- statistical.Statistical sampling is a method by which the sample is made so that each unit consists of the total population has an equal probability of being included in the sample, method of sample selection is ran
22、dom, allowed to assess the results based on probability theory and risk quantification of sampling. Choosing the appropriate population make that auditor findings can be extended to the entire population.Non-statistical sampling is a method of sampling, when the auditor uses professional judgment to
23、 select elements of a sample. Since the purpose of sampling is to draw conclusions about the entire population, the auditor should select a representative sample by choosing sample units which have characteristics typical of that population. Results will not extrapolate the entire population as the
24、sample selected is representative.Audit tests can be applied on the all elements of the population, where is a small population or on an unrepresentative sample, where the auditor knows the particularities of the population to be tested and is able to identify a small number of items of interest to
25、audit. If the sample has not similar characteristics for the elements of the entire population, the errors found in the tested sample can not extrapolate.Decision of statistical or non-statistical approach depends on the auditors professional judgment which seeking sufficient appropriate audits evid
26、ence on which to completion its findings about the audit opinion.As a statistical sampling method refer to the random selection that any possible combination of elements of the community is equally likely to enter the sample. Simple random sampling is used when stratification was not to audit. Using
27、 random selection involves using random numbers generated bya computer. After selecting a random starting point, the auditor found the first random number that falls within the test document numbers. Only when the approach has the characteristics of statistical sampling, statistical assessments of r
28、isk are valid sampling.In another variant of the sampling probability, namely the systematic selection (also called random mechanical) elements naturally succeed in office space or time; the auditor has a preliminary listing of the population and made the decision on sample size. “The auditor calcul
29、ated a counting step, and selects the sample element method based on step size. Step counting is determined by dividing the volume of the community to sample the number of units desired. Advantages of systematic screening are its usability. In most cases, a systematic sample can be extracted quickly
30、 and method automatically arranges numbers in successive series.”2.Selection by probability proportional to size - is a method which emphasizes those population units recorded higher values. The sample is constituted so that the probability of selecting any given element of the population is equal t
31、o the recorded value of the item;Stratifi ed selection - is a method of emphasis of units with higher values and is registered in the stratification of the population in subpopulations. Stratification provides a complete picture of the auditor, when population (data table to be analyzed) is not homo
32、geneous. In this case, the auditor stratifies a population by dividing them into distinct subpopulations, which have common characteristics, pre-defined. “The objective of stratification is to reduce the variability of elements in each layer and therefore allow a reduction in sample size without a p
33、roportionate increase in the risk of sampling.” 3 If population stratification is done properly, the amount of sample size to come layers will be less than the sample size that would be obtained at the same level of risk given sample with a sample extracted from the entire population. Audit results
34、applied to a layer can be designed only on items that are part of that layer.I appreciated as useful some views on non-statistical sampling methods, which implies that guided the selection of the sample selecting each element according to certain criteria determined by the auditor. The method is sub
35、jective; because the auditor selects intentionally items containing set features him.The selection of the series is done by selecting multiple elements series (successive). Using sampling the series is recommended only if a reasonable number of sets used. Using just a few series there is a risk that
36、 the sample is not representative. This type of sampling can be used in addition to other samples, where there is a high probability of occurrence of errors. At the arbitrary selection, no items are selected preferably from the auditor,that regardless of size or source or characteristics. Is not the
37、 recommended method, because is not objective.That sampling is based on the auditors professional judgment, which may decide which items can be part or not sampled. Because is not a statistical method, it can not calculate the standard error. Although the sample structure can be constructed to repro
38、duce the population, there is no guarantee that the sample is representative. If omitted a feature that would be relevant in a particular situation, the sample is not representative.Sampling applies when the auditor plans to make conclusions about population, based on a selection. The auditor consid
39、ers the audit program and determines audit procedures which may apply random research. Sampling is used by auditors an internal control systems testing, and substantive testing of operations. The general objectives of tests of control system and operations substantive tests are to verify the applica
40、tion of pre-defined control procedures, and to determine whether operations contain material errors.Control tests are intended to provide evidence of operational efficiency and controls design or operation of a control system to prevent or detect material misstatements in financial statements. Contr
41、ol tests are necessary if the auditor plans to assess control risk for assertions of management.Controls are generally expected to be similarly applied to all transactions covered by the records, regardless of transaction value. Therefore, if the auditor uses sampling, it is not advisable to select
42、only high value transactions. Samples must be chosen so as to be representative population sample.An auditor must be aware that an entity may change a special control during the course of the audit. If the control is replaced by another, which is designed to achieve the same specific objective, the
43、auditor must decide whether to design a sample of all transactions made during or just a sample of transactions controlled again. Appropriate decision depends on the overall objective of the audit test.Verification of internal control system of an entity is intended to provide guidance on the identi
44、fication of relevant controls and design evaluation tests of controls.Other tests:In testing internal control system and testing operations, audit sample is used to estimate the proportion of elements of a population containing a characteristic or attribute analysis. This proportion is called the fr
45、equency of occurrence or percentage of deviation and is equal to the ratio of elements containing attribute specific and total number of population elements. Weightdeviations in a sample are determined to calculate an estimate of the proportion of the total population deviations.Risk associated with
46、 sampling - refers to a sample selection which can not be representative of the population tested. In other words, the sample itself may contain material errors or deviations from the line. However, issuing a conclusion based on a sample may be different from the conclusion which would be reached if
47、 the entire population would be subject to audit.Types of risk associated with sampling:Controls are more effective than they actually are or that there are not significant errors when they exist - which means an inappropriate audit opinion. Controls are less effective than they actually are that th
48、ere are significant errors when in fact they are not - this calls for additional activities to establish that initial conclusions were incorrect.Attributes testing - the auditor should be defining the characteristics to test and conditions for misconduct. Attributes testing will make when required o
49、bjective statistical projections on various characteristics of the population. The auditor may decide to select items from a population based on its knowledge about the entity and its environment control based on risk analysis and the specific characteristics of the population to be tested.Population is the mass of data on