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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Topic hamster/hamster FAQ/syrian hamster genetics 主题 仓鼠/仓鼠常见问题/叙利亚仓鼠遗传学by kittykitty addicted to the board 由kittykitty上传Syrian Hamster Genetics.叙利亚仓鼠遗传I am going to try to keep this as basic as possible but still remain informative. If any one has anything they would like to add to this
2、 or anything they think I may be incorrect on, do tell me!我会尽量建立在基本知识上，但是仍然存在未知信息。如果有任何人想补充或者认为我可能有不正确的地方，请告诉我。The Basics基础知识A females Chromosomes are written as XX, a males as XY.一个女性的染色体是写成 ，男性为XY。则Syrian hamsters have 44 chromosomes each of which has many thousands of individual genes that determ
3、ine what the hamster will look like, how big it will get etc.叙利亚仓鼠有44条染色体，每条染色体都带有成千上万的基因，来决定仓鼠的长相、个体大小等。Phenotype is the term used to describe an animals physical, outward appearance表型是用来形容动物的生理表现和外表Genotype is the word used for the animals genetic or hidden characteristics. 基因之动物的遗传特性或隐性特性Remember
4、 it like this. GENotype GENes记住这样它. 基因型 - 基因 PHenotype Physical表型 - 物理The deciding factor on what colour fur an animal has or what colour its eyes are going to be are alleles. Each set of alleles is located on its own individual locus or loci. 动物毛皮的颜色或者是眼睛的颜色等外表表现都由基因决定。决定某个特性的对应基因位于等位基因的个别基因或位点。If
5、only a single allele is required to affect the animals phenotype then it must be dominant. Dominant genes are shows as a capital letter (e.g. SS).如果影响动物外表只需要一个单一的基因占主导地位，该基因为显性基因。显性基因为一个大写字母（例如SS）Factors that require two identical alleles on order for the colour or pattern to be present in the pheno
6、type as said to be recessive. Recessive genes are written as a lower-case letter (e.g. ss)影响动物外表需要由两个相同的等位基因，则该基因为隐性基因。隐性基因写成小字母（如ss）Some hamster colours are incompletely dominant. In many cases the homozygous version of this colour or coat type will look slightly or dramatically different to the he
7、terozygous individual. Silver grey Syrians can be either homozygous (SgSg) or heterozygous (Sgsg) and are a good examply of incomplete or partial dominance有些仓鼠的颜色不完全是显性表象。在许多情况下，这种颜色的外表可能是纯合子或杂合子所表现出的不同个体。Sliver grey叙利亚可以是纯合子（SgSg），也可以是杂合子（Sgsg），是不完全显性或部分显性的一个典型范例。Animals inherit two alleles for eac
8、h possible genotype (i.e. eye colour), one from each parent but these are not always the same. 动物每个都可能继承2个基因（即眼睛的颜色基因），分别来自父母，但这些并非都相同。If the animal inherits alleles for a particular characteristic that are identical from each parent it will be homozygous (ss or SS)如果动物从父母双方继承的特定特性是一致的，即为纯合子（ss或SS）I
9、f it inherits one dominant gene from one parent and a recessive from another then it is said to be heterozygous (Ss)如果它从父母双方继承的特定特性一方是显性基因而另一方是隐性基因，则为杂合子（Ss）。Dominant genes cover or mask recessives genes. Unless you know the background of your breeding animals you will not know that they are there.可
10、知的显性基因和不可知的隐性基因。除非你知道你繁殖动物的背景，否则你永远不会知道它们的存在。In order for a recessive gene to present itself in the phenotype, there must be two identical alleles present on the same locus一个隐性基因要表现出来，必须有两个相同等位基因出现在两个相同的位点。There are also sex-linked genes. Female animals possess two X chromosomes whilst males have a
11、single X and one Y chromosome. Sex-linked genes are only ever passed on either from an X to an X or from a Y to another Y, they cannot be passed on indiscriminately from one to another. The gene that governs sex-linkage is passed on with the chromosomes that determine gender and so are sex linked. 也
12、有伴性基因。女性有两条X染色体而男性只有一条X染色体和一条Y染色体。伴性基因永远只有通过一个X染色体传给另外一个染色体，或者一个Y染色体传给另外一个Y染色体，不能交叉传递。主导基因性状的基因之间的联系是通过由染色体决定的动物性别联系在一起的。Genetic crosses or punnet squares基因十字架或小篓正方形These can be used to establish what proportion of your litter will be what colour. 这些可用于了解你将废弃颜色的比例。The known genotype of the parents i
13、s written along the top and down the side of the square父母已知的基因型写在正方形的上边与左边。This genetic cross shows a homozygous animal and a heterozygous animal. They are both visually the colour of the dominant gene which has masked their recessives这种遗传交叉得出的杂合子后代，它们表面视觉上的显性基因颜色会掩盖其所带有的隐性基因。 B bB BB Bbb Bb bb50% o
14、f their offspring would be heterozygous carriers of the recessive gene like they are, 50的后代会是隐性基因杂合子携带者，25% would be homozygous for the dominant gene25的人会是为显性基因纯合子and 25% would be homozygous for the recessive gene and sp show the colour or coat type in their phenotype. 和25将是隐性基因纯合和SP的颜色显示在他们的表型或外套类型
15、。The different Syrian hamster colours have each been assigned their own designators in order to make it easier for the breeder to establish traits of dominance and inheritance as well as what colours combine to make new colours and what genes cancel each other out.叙利亚仓鼠不同颜色已经得到区别，以方便饲养者更容易了解其优势和特点，由
16、何种颜色父辈结合而得出的颜色，以及什么样的基因之间是互斥的。Syrian Hamster Designators叙利亚仓鼠指示符The basic colours:基本颜色：Colour颜色Genetic Code遗传密码Phenotype表型Golden金色的+Mahogany with heavy black ticking 红褐色，毛梢为黑色Cinnamon肉桂ppRich orange橙色Black 黑色aaBlack to the roots黑色底毛Black Eyed Cream黑眼奶油色ee Rich cream to the roots深奶油色，深奶油色底毛Rust绣色bbBr
17、owny orange ticked with darker brown鲜艳的橙褐色，棕色毛梢Yellow黄色ToTo or ToYDusky yellow with black ticking暗黄色，黑色毛梢Silver Grey银灰色SgSg or SgsgSoft grey ticked with black浅灰色，均匀的黑色毛梢Light Grey浅灰色LglgButtermilk grey with heavy black ticking乳酪灰，均匀的黑色毛梢Dark Grey深灰色DgdgPearly grey with very heavy black ticking and b
18、lack eye rings珍珠灰色，均匀的黑色毛梢，阴影部分是暗金色，黑眼圈Dark Eared White黑耳，白色cdcdPure white coat with black ears纯白，黑耳Umbrous原始色Uu or UUNot a colour in its own right, gives other colours a dusty hint Combination colours:结合颜色：These are colours using the above genes at the same time to create new colours. Notes: breedi
19、ngs between animals with non-compatible genes will result in a litter of goldens. This is not an exhaustive list; it is the most common or the nicest of the colours produced. Sable is written as U_ given that it can be heterozygous or homozygous这些颜色是由上述基本颜色基因结合后创造出的新颜色。注：带有非兼容的基因的仓鼠之间结合，将导致一窝goldens
20、。这不是最详尽的列表，它只是一个最常见或者最佳的颜色配对表。紫貂色写成u_ 表示可以进行杂交或者纯合。ColourGenetic CodePhenotypeSable紫貂色eeU_Dark as possible, ideally black with cream undercoat and eye rings黑色，眼睛周围有象牙奶油色的毛Black eyed Cream + UmbrousRed eyed Cream红眼奶油色eeppRich pinky cream深奶油色略带粉肉色Black eyed Cream +CinnamonPale Eared Cream帕莱耳霜bbeeCream
21、 with black eyes奶油黑眼睛Rust +Black eyed CreamMink水貂色eeppU_Dull brown, becomes almost orange with age暖褐色过渡到橙色中间的颜色Black eye Cream +Cinnamon +UmbrousBlue Mink蓝色水貂dgdgeeppU_Purple-blue蓝紫色Dark Grey +Black eyed Cream +Cinnamon +UmbrousDove鸽子色aappDove grey鸽灰色Black +CinnamonSilver Sable镀银 紫貂色eeSgSgU_Dark as
22、possible with watm grey undertones黑色过渡到灰色之间的颜色Black eyed Cream +Silver Grey +UmbrousSilver Black镀银 黑色aaSgSg or aaSgsgDiluted black淡黑色Black +Silver GreyBlack Eyed Ivory黑眼象牙色dgdgee, eeLglg or eeSgsgPale greyish cream浅灰色奶油Black eye Cream + Dark Grey +Light Grey +Silver greySilver Pearl镀银 珍珠色SgsgToTo or
23、 SgsgToYWarm cream with black ticking暖奶油色，黑色毛梢Silver Grey +YellowSmoke Pearl珍珠色dgdgToTo or dgdgToYPale greyish cream with black ticking浅灰奶油色，均匀的黑色毛梢Dark Grey +YellowLilac丁香色dgdgppSoft pinky grey柔和的浅灰色Dark Grey +CinnamonLilac Pearl丁香珍珠色dgdgppToTo or dgdgppToYPale lilac grey ticked with black丁香灰，黑色毛梢D
24、ark Grey +Cinnamon +YellowBeige米色bbdgdgPale grey with gentle brown ticking白灰色，柔和的棕色毛梢Rust +Dark GreyChocolate巧克力aabbDark chocolate深巧克力色Black +RustChampagne香槟酒aabbppPale beige米白色Black +Rust +CinnamonBlonde金黄色Sgsgpp, LglgppCreamy blonde (light grey blondes have an orange muzzle奶油金黄色（浅灰金黄色有一个橘黄色的胸带Cinn
25、amon +Silver Grey +Light GreyCopper铜色bbeeppU_Rich copper orange to the roots铜色，铜色底毛Rust +Black eye Cream +Cinnamon +UmbrousYellow Black黄黑色aaToTo or aaToYYellow with heavy black ticking to hair tips黄色，黑色毛梢Black +YellowHoney蜜色ppToTo or ppToYLight orange浅肉桂橙Cinnamon +YellowHoney Black蜜黑色aappToTo or aap
26、pToYLight orange with dusky black ticking浅橙色，暗黑色毛梢Black +Cinnamon +YellowBlack Eyed Honey黑眼蜜色aabbToTo or aabbToYAs honey but less vibrant and black eyed跟蜜色相似但颜色较浅，黑眼Black +Rust +YellowNote:Cream masks the yellow gene and unlike all other colours, combining the yellow gene with cream colours will not
27、 produce tortoiseshells. 注：奶油色会掩盖黄色基因，不像其他颜色，如果一只仓鼠同时带有黄色基因和奶油基因将不会产生玳瑁。Patterns and coat types模式和外套类型Pattern模式Genetic CodePhenotypeDominant Spot主导斑点/显性斑点DsdsWhich with spots of colour色斑Banded带状Baba or BaBaWhite band around animals belly白色带状Roan杂色WhwhWhite with coloured hairs ticked throughout the c
28、oat白色为底，毛梢为各种颜色Tortoiseshell玳瑁ToToVariable patches of yellow on a coloured 各种可变黄色分布Notes:Dominant spot animals can be bred together but the gene is homozygous lethal i.e. any babies with two copies of the dominant spot allele die shortly after conception and are reabsorbed by the female.注：带有显性斑点基因的仓
29、鼠可以相互繁殖，但是这种基因的纯合可致死婴儿。即等位基因同为显性基因的后代受孕后不久就死亡，由母体吸收。If a hamster has two copies of the Wh gene it will be an Anopthalmic white or more commonly known as an eyeless white. These pure white, blind hamsters rarely live past six months and such breedings should be avoided如果一只仓鼠拥有两个Wh基因，则会成为一种Anopthalmic
30、白色，更多得被人叫做无眼白熊。这些纯白的无眼的仓鼠最多可以活6个月，应避免繁育。Only cream based colours can roan, all other animals present a Wh gene as a white belly. 只有基础奶油色可以杂色，所有其他仓鼠拥有白色腹部毛的都有一个Wh基因。 Our last set of genes are those that govern coat type:我们的最后一组基因是那些影响表面皮毛类型：Coat type表层皮毛类型Genetic CodePhenotypeSatin缎子/亮毛SasaGlossy coa
31、t有光色的表皮Longhaired长毛llLong fur, males get longer fur than do females长毛，男性比女性毛长Rex卷毛rxrxWavy, crimped fur. Tends to dilute colour somewhat.波浪卷曲毛。颜色有点趋于淡化。Note: Two satins should not be bred together as the resulting babies (SaSa) would exhibit sparse, greasy looking fur due to the fact that satin hams
32、ters have very slightly less hairs per square inch than do normals. Double-satinisation accentuates this. 注：两个亮毛不应该繁殖在一起，由此产生的婴儿（SaSa）将表现为皮毛将油亮而稀疏，即该亮毛仓鼠每平方英寸的毛发略低于正常仓鼠。双亮毛基因加剧了这一情况的发生。THIS IS NOT THE FINISHED ARTICLE. IT IS WORK IN PROGRESS. I PROMISE I WILL ADD TO IT REGULARLY这不是一个结论，研究工作仍在深入中。我发誓我会注意增加即时的新信息。Kat 专心-专注-专业