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1、The Road to Modern EnglishAt the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. 16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。在尽头；在结束时adv. 差不多，几乎；密切地Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world a
2、nd because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries. 后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海征服了世界其它地区。于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。n. 航行；航海v. 征服；占领因为；由于because of+短语/词because+句子begin to do sth.开始做Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多，他们有的是作为第一语
3、言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。比以往任何时候更adj.外国的；外交的；异质的；不想关的conj.因为；随着；虽然；依照；当时prep.如同；当作；以的身份adv.同样地；和一样的一、as作连词的用法 1. as.as的用法 as.as意为“和一样”，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。基本结构：as+ adj./ adv. +as；否定式：not as/so +adj./ adv. +ase.g. This film is as interesting as that one. 这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。 Your pen writes as smoothly
4、 as mine. 你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。 This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think. 这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。 修饰成分(twice, three times, half, a quarter)须置于第一个as之前。e.g. Your bag is twice as expensive as mine. 你的袋子比我的贵两倍。 as.as的常见句型： (1)as.as possible e.g. Please answer my question as soon as possible. 请尽快回答我的问题。 (2)as
5、.as usual/before e.g. She looks as pretty as before. 她看起来和以前一样漂亮。 (3)as long as. (引导条件状语从句) e.g. It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan. 我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划。 (4)as far as e.g. He walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening. 昨天傍晚，他一直散步到火车站。(5)as well as e.g. She cooks as we
6、ll as her mother does. 她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。尽快只要；与一样长至于，直到，远到；就而言也；和一样；不但而且2. as用作连词引导时间状语从句 as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是“当的时候”。区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生e.g. It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site. 他到工地时正在下雪。用while时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生e.g. He was watching
7、TV while his mother was cooking. 他在看电视，他妈在做饭用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义e.g. You will grow wiser as you grow older. 你会随着年龄的增长越来越聪明。3. as用作连词引导原因状语从句 as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是“因为，由于”区别：because表示的语气最强e.g. He will succeed because he is in earnest. 他一定会成功，因为他很认真。as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化e.g. As rain
8、has fallen, the air is cooler. 因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作“既然”e.g. Since you are so sure of it hell believe you. 既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。4. as作连词引导让步状语从句 as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是“虽然，尽管”区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用yete.g. A
9、lthough he is quite old, he still jogs every day. 他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序e.g. Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident. 这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。e.g. However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal. 无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。二、as作关系代词的用
10、法 1. as引导定语从句与其他词连用 the same.as结构e.g. This is the same book as I read last week. 这本书和我上周读的那本是一样的。 such.as结构e.g. I dont like such books as he recommends. 我不喜欢他推荐的那些书。 so +adj. + a/an + n. (单数) + as结构 e.g. I am not so strong a man as I was. 我已经没有从前那么强壮了。 2. as单独引导定语从句 as单独引导定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语
11、。e.g. She is late, as is often the case. 她迟到了，这是经常的事。e.g. To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 对事实视而不见你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。三、as作介词的用法 as作介词，意思是“作为”，“以身份”。e.g. He came to China as a tourist five years ago. 他五年前以游客的身份来过中国。 四、as作副词的用法 “相同地”，“同样地”e.g. They dont have as many airplanes. 他们没有
12、同样多的飞机。Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English. Look at this example:British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?American Amy: Yes. Id like to come up to your apartment.以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。请看以下例子：英国人贝蒂：“请到我的公寓里来看看，好吗？”美国人艾米：“好的。
13、我很乐意到你的公寓去。”即使；尽管相当于even though引导状语从句adj.本国的；土著的；天然的；与生俱来的；天赋的n.本地人；土产；当地居民走近；上来；提出So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. 那么，英语在一段时间里为什么会起变化呢？事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所发展，有所变化。随着时间的过去；超时adv.事实上；实际上与通消息；交流com
14、municate: v.通讯，传达；相通；感染At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. 首先，在公元450年到1150年间，人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样。当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的，而现代英语不是。起先；首先；最初过去分词（短语）作定语，与被修饰的词在逻
15、辑上是被动关系be different from与不同；不同于base: v.以为根据n.基部；基地；基础现在；目前present: v.提出；介绍；呈现；赠送adj.现在的；出席的n.现在；礼物Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and es
16、pecially its vocabulary. 然后，渐渐地，大约在公元800年到1150年期间，英语不那么像德语了。因为那时的英国的统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。这些新的定居者大大丰富了英语语言，特别是在词汇方面。adv.逐渐地；逐步地gradual: adj.逐渐的；逐步的rule: v.统治；管辖；裁定；规定；支配n.统治；规则n.移居者；殖民者v.使充实；使肥沃；使富足adv.特别；尤其；格外n.词汇；词汇量；词表So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever befor
17、e. In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to be spoken in both countries.所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。在1620年，一些英国人搬迁到美洲定居。后来，到了19世纪，有些英国人也被送往澳大利亚，两个国家的人都开始说英语了。by+时间：在时候；到的时候1600s表示17世纪的1600s表示17世纪利用；使用a
18、dj.宽的；广阔的wide: adj.广泛的；宽的，广阔的adv.广泛地；广阔地；充分地n.移动；步骤；迁居v.移动；搬家，迁移；离开；感动Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Languag
19、e. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.最后，到20世纪，英语才真正定形。那时，英语在拼写上发生了两大变化：首先，塞缪尔约翰逊编写了词典，后来，诺厄韦伯斯特编纂了美国英语词典，后者体现了美国英语拼写的不同特色。v.解决；定居；安排；沉淀；下陷adj.较后的；后半的；（两者中）后者的v.（使）分离；（使）分开；（使）分居adj.单独的；分开的n.分开n.本身；本体；身份n.拼写；拼法English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language i
20、n South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. During that time English became the language for government and education.现在，英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言来说。比如说，印度拥有众多讲英语很流利的人，这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。在那期间，英语成了官方语言和教育用语。adj.流利的；流畅的
21、fluently: adv.流利地；流畅地a number of 许多；若干，一些the number of 的数量English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.在新加坡、马来西亚和非洲其它国家，比如南非，人们也说英语。目前在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。事实上，中国可能拥有世界上最多的英语学习者。中国英语会发展出自己的特色吗？这只能由时间来回答了。例如；像这种的increase: n.增加；增长；提高v.增加；增大；繁殖adv.迅速地；很快地；立即rapid: adj.迅速的；急促的；飞快的n.急流；高速交通工具