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1、. .英美文学名词解释Terms in English and American Literature1. Aestheticism/the Aestheticism Movement (唯美主义)A European phenomenon during the middle of the 19th century that had its chief headquarters in France. This movement was introduced to late Victorian England mainly Walter Pater as a reaction against t
2、he materialism and mercialism of an industrialized society. It was also a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for moralitys sake, or art for moneys sake. The major tenets of this movement include the belief in the autonomy of a work of art, the emphasis on craft and artistry-the theory
3、of “art for arts sake. The most outstanding Victorian representatives of this movement included Oscar Wilde.2. Allegory寓言A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a s
4、ymbolic meaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。3. Alliteration (头韵)It is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words in poetry. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the
5、verse line, such as in Beowulf.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对一样辅音或不同元音的重复。 4. Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反响的一个
6、人物、地点、事件或文学作品。典故或来自历史、地理、文学或XX。5. American Naturalism (美国自然主义)The American naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwins evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less plex binations of inherited a
7、ttributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces. American naturalism was evolved from realism when the authors tone in writing became less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It was no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to h
8、uman existence. Dreiser was a leading figure of this school.6. American Puritanism (美国清教主义)Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The American puritans, like their English brothers, are idealists. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and l
9、imited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they bee more and more practical. American puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather that a set of tenets.美国清教主义：他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。7. American Realis
10、m (美国现实主义)In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. George Eliot introduce realism into England, and William Dean Howells introduced it into the United States. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimen
11、talism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It has been chiefly concerned with the monplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view o
12、f human nature and human experience. Realistic literature finds the drama and tension beneath the surface of ordinary life. Later, many writers, notably Henry James, turned to psychological realism that closely examined the plex workings of the mind.美国现实主义：在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开场。现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主
13、义的谎话，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历。8. American Romanticism (美国浪漫主义)The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, the booming economy, the flourishing publications, and a variety of foreign influence
14、s made its literary expansion possible and inevitable.Romantics shared some characteristics: moral enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive perception. Irving played an important role in inspiring American romanticism with his masterpieces Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. American roma
15、nticism culminated around the 1840s, which can be called “Transcendentalism or American Renaissance. One of the major figure in this period was Emerson. His Nature had been called “the manifesto of American Transcendentalism. In the poetry aspect, Whitman and Dickson were two major American poets in
16、 this period. In the novel aspect, Hawthorne and Melville belonged to another type of romanticism. They placed increasing value on the free expression on emotion and the psychic states of their characters. The New England poets, such as Longfellow and Bryant formed a different school from Whitman, D
17、ickson, Thoreau and Poe.9. Angry Young Men (愤怒的青年)The Angry Young Men is a journalistic catchphrase applied to a number of British playwrights and novelists from the mid-1950s. Their works mainly express the bitterness of the lower classes towards the established sociopolitical system and towards th
18、e mediocrity and hypocrisy of the middle and upper classes. The playwright John Osborne was the archetypal example of these angry young men with his signature play Look Back in Anger in 1956.10. Antagonist (反面人物): A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or hero
19、ine.反面人物：一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量，是男女主人公的对手。11. American Transcendentalism (美国超验主义)American Transcendentalism is more than an attitude of transcendentalists. To “transcend something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. The transcendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenation and against the mat
20、erialism of American society. The major features of American Transcendentalism are: 1. Transcendentalists place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. 2. They stress the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of
21、 society. 3. They offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. 12. Aphorism (警句)A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.警句：蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。13. Aside (旁白)In drama,
22、lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience and. An aside is supposedly not heard by other actors on stage.14. Assonance (类韵)The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.类韵：在诗歌中一样或相
23、似元音的重复，它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。15. Autobiography (自传)The literary form of autobiography is a persons account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection, such as The Autobiography written by Benjamin Franklin.自传：一个人对他或她自己生活的描述，自传是一
24、种表达性的文体，多包含回忆性的描写。16. Ballad (民谣)It is a relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a bination of these. Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza. Incremental
25、repetition repeats one or more lines with small but significant variations that advance the action. The ballad stanza has four line; monly, the first and third lines contain four feet or accents, the second and fourth lines contain three feet. Ballad often open abruptly, present brief descriptions a
26、nd use concise dialogues.The folk ballad is usually anonymous and the presentation is impersonal. The literary ballad deliberately imitates the form and spirit of a folk ballad. The Romantic poets were attracted to this form, as Longfellow with The Wreck of the Hesperus, Coleridge with The Rime of t
27、he Ancient Marine, which is longer and more elaborate than the folk ballad.17. Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.18. Beat Generation (垮掉的一代)The Beat Generation refers to
28、 a loosely-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of thee 1950s and early 1960s. They shared a set of social attitudes- anti-establishment, anti-political, anti-intellectual, oppose to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and were in favor of unfettered self-re
29、alization and self-expression. Representatives of the group were Allen Ginsberg with his long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac with his On the Road. 19. Bildungsroman (成长小说)Bildungsroman defines a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adult
30、hood, and in which characters change is thus extremely important. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity. Charles Dickens David Copperfield is a classical Bildungsroman.20. Biography (传记)A detailed account of a persons life written by another person.传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。21. Black edy/Black humor (
31、黑色幽默)It is mostly employed to describe baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce, in which the evets are often simultaneously ic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Hellers Catch-22 can be taken as an exa
32、mple of the employment of this technique.22. Black Mountain Poets (黑山派诗人)It is sometimes called projective poets投射诗人, a group of the mid-20th century American avant-garde or postmodern poets centering on Black Mountain College. In the essay Projective Verse, Charles Olson calls “for poetry of open f
33、ield position to replace traditional closed poetic forms with an improvised form that should reflect exactly the content of the poem. This essay became the manifesto for the Black Mountain Poets.23. Blank Verse (无韵体诗)Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of t
34、he greatest English poetries, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。24. Byronic hero (拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of rig
35、hting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.25. Calvinism (加尔文主义)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin
36、 and his followers. Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and this can be gotten only be Gods grace. Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.26. Carpe Diem (及时行乐)A tra
37、dition dating back to classical Greek and Latin poetry and particularly popular among English Cavalier poets. Carpe Diem means literally “seize the day, that is, “live for today.27. Canto (篇/章)A section or division of a long poem. In English poetry, Alexander Popes the Rape of the Lock and Byrons Do
38、n Juan are divided into cantos.诗章：长诗的一局部。28. Character (角色)In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individual
39、izing detail; and round character, which is plex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.人物：在短篇小说的欣赏中，人物是必不可少一个元素。人物是喜剧或小说中所描写的人。福斯特把人物划分为两类，扁平型人物和圆型人物。扁平型人物往往缺乏个人化的细节描写而圆型人物那么在性格和行为动机上较为复杂。29. Classicism (古典主义)A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music th
40、at reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places vale on reason clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is
41、 concerned with emotions and personal themes.古典主义：一种在文学，艺术，音乐领域表达古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。 30. Climax (高潮)The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a narrative.31. edy (喜剧)In general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.32. Con
42、ceit (奇想)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker pare two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Donnes poetry.33. Confessional poetry (自白诗)An autobiographical mode of verse that reveals the poets personal problems with unusu
43、al frankness. The term is usually applied to certain poets of the U.S. From the late 1950s to the late 1960s, notably Robert Lowell, whose Life Studies and For the Union Dead deal with his divorce and mental breakdown.34. Conflict (冲突)A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short s
44、tory, novel, play, or narrative poem.冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。35. Consonance (辅音韵)It refers to the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words. Sometimes the term refers to the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. Sometimes the term is used for slant r
45、hyme in which initial and final consonants are the same but the vowels are different: litter/letter, green/groan.36. Couplet (两行诗)Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.对句：两个连续押韵的诗行。英雄双行体的对句一般都为抑扬格五音步。37. Critical Realism (批判现实主义)The critical rea
46、lism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to erad
47、icate social evils. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.批判现实主义：批判现实主义在19世纪40年代到达高潮。批判现实主义作家们往往把从XX的角度批评和揭露资本主义社会的丑恶视为己任，但他们并没有找到治疗社会弊病的良方。38. Dadaism (达达主义)It refers to a Western European artistic and literary movement (1916-1923) that sought the discovery of authentic reality thr
48、ough the abolition of traditional, cultural and aesthetic forms by a technique of ic derision in wich irrationality, chance and intuition were the guiding principle.39. Darwinism (达尔文主义)It is a term that es from Charles Darwins evolutionary theory. Darwinists think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from the lower forms of life and humans are