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1、精品学习资源定语从句定语从句 : 在句子中作定语， 修饰名词或代词的从句； 这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导， 并作句子成分；定语从句的位置： 通常在先行词在主句中后；定语从句的引导词： 关系代词和关系副词复合句=主句+定语从句一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分另一个或一个以上的主谓结构，在句子中做定语The students whodo not study hard will not pass the exam.主句主语从句主语从句谓语结构主句谓语结构 关系代词的基本用法 :关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分Who人主语Whom人宾语Which物主语，宾语That人或物主语宾语表语Whose人或物
2、定语定语从句的先行词： 被修饰的名词或代词，要么代表人，代表物，要么代表全句 who 指人，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略；A person who steals things is called a thief.whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，可以省略；The man whom I nodded to is Mr Li.He is the man whom/that I sam yesterday. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略；These are the treeswhich were planted last year.欢迎下载精品学习资源Th
3、is recorder which he is using is made in Japan. that指人或物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略；A plane is a machine that can fly. He is the man that I told you about. whose 指人或物，在定语从句中做定语；不行省略；Here are the parents whose little girl was killed in the great air crash. We live in a house whose windows face the sea.考点一
4、that 和 which的挑选(1) that 指物时一般可以与which 互换，但在以下情形引导词只用that，不用 which ；当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时，如：a. All that can be done has been done.b. I am sure she has something that you can borrow.c. There is little that the enemy can do besides surrender.
5、先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little,much 修饰时：I ve read all the booksthat you gave me.先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；This is the best book that I ve ever read.This is the first composition that he has written in English.先行词被 the only, the very, the last修饰时；That white flower is the only one that I really like.
6、This is the very book that I want to find. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that 而不用whowhom 和 which 引导；如：He talked about the teachers and schools thathe had visited.先行词是疑问词who, which, what时，定语从句用 that 而不用 who, whom 和 which 引导；Who is the person that is standing at the gate.Which of us that knows somethi
7、ng about physics does not know this. What that is on the table belongs to me. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时：欢迎下载精品学习资源Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. China is no longer the country that it used to be.2只用 which 的情形Which可以引导非限定性定语从句，可用于介词后，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分；1 She heard a terrible noise;brought
8、 her heart into her mouth.A. itB. whichC. thisD. that2. The weather turned out to be good,was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 关系副词的基本用法：关系副词指代的先行词充当从句的成分When表时间的名词、名词词组时间状语Where表地点的名词或名词词组地点状语Why表缘由的名词缘由状语 when ，用关系副词when 时，先行词指时间， when 在定语从句中做时间状语，when 可以换成“介词 +关系代词”I still re
9、member the day when = on which I first came to Beijing.She was born in the year when = in which Wen Chuan earthquake broke out. where , 用关系副词 where 时，先行词指地点， where 在定语从句中做地点状语，where可以换成“介词 +关系代词”This is the farm where =on which we worked when we were young.The school where = in which his mother teac
10、hes is in the west of the city. why , 用关系副词why 时，先行词指缘由， why 在定语从句中做缘由状语，why 可以换成“介词 +关系代词”There are several reasonswhy =for which the boys should be punished.Tom couldn t give the teacher the reason why=for which he was late for school.留意：当先行词为time ，表示“次数”时，应用关系代词that 或者省略；This is the first time th
11、at the president has visited the country.欢迎下载精品学习资源 当 point ， situation ， case,spot,scene等做先行词表示“情形，境地，场合”时，其后常由where 引导定语从句， where 在句中做状语； 先行词为 occasion 表示“场合” 时其后常用 when引导定语从句；Can you think of a situationwhere this phrase can be used.当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place，room ， mountain ， airport 等，如在句中做状语用where 引导
12、，如在句中做主语或宾语用which 或 that 引导；This is the house where =in which we lived last year. The factory which/ that we will visit is large.先行词是 the way，表示“方式方法”时，引导定语从句的关系代词用that/in which 或省略；I didn t like the way that/in which she talked to me.The way that/ in which he teaches English is interesting.reason 为
13、先行词，如定语从句缺少状语就用why 引导，如缺少主语宾语表语就用that 或which 引导；This is the reason that/which he gave.考点二如何判定用关系代词仍是用关系副词.1、找出定语从句中是否主语和宾语都齐全；如齐全用关系副词； 用什么关系副词看先行词；I will never forget the days whenI stayed with you.Jurassic Park is about a park wherea very rich man keeps different kinds of dinosaurs. 1958 was the y
14、ear _when_ Spielberg made his first real film.Please give me the reason why_you made such a great success.Morning is the best time _ when you practice reading aloud.Do you remember the lake _ where you first met your girlfriend.2、如定语从句中缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物动词，如是，用关系代词， 如不是，用关系副词；Yesterday we went to
15、visit the house where/in which the great writer used to live. The house which/that they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.Luckily none of the people who/whom/that I know were killed in the earthquake. My father was born in the year when/in which the Second World War broke out. 3、如定语从句中谓语结构是被
16、动结构，有主语，就用关系副词；欢迎下载精品学习资源Kunming is a beautiful place where flowers are seen all the year round. October 1st is the day when new China was founded.The window which/that was opened this morning has been broken.The meeting that/which will be held next week is very important. 限制性定语从句restrictive ： 是先行词在
17、意义上不行缺少的定语，假如去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义；这种从句和主句关系特别亲密，写时不用逗号分开；The man who came here yesterday has come again.非限制性定语从句non-restrictive：和主句关系不很亲密， 只是对先行词作些附加说明，假如去掉，主句的意思仍旧清晰；这种从句，写时往往逗号分开；Jenny, with whom I played table tennis yesterday, lives in my next room. That is Mr. Wang, whose daughter teaches English
18、at a middle school.留意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不行用that考点三： as 与 which 引导的定语从句1、假如定语放主句后，即可用as 也可以用 which.He failed to the exam, as =which is natural. She seems a scientist, as =which in fact she is.Grammar is not a dead rule, which =as I have said before.2、假如从句在主句前，这时要用as 而不用 which 引导定语从句；如：As we all know, hi
19、s parents were killed in the war. As we all know, the earth is round.3. 用于 the same as ,such a，s as as , so a中s ，一般用 as；e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.This is the same book as I lent you yesterday. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.代表前面主句意思时， 有“正如 ”之意，而 which 没有此意思， 从句中的动词常是e
20、xpect, know,see, think, want, suppose 等；He won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected. The police were looking for him,as he thought.5. as 在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known ， be said， be reported欢迎下载精品学习资源等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which 作主语；e.g. She has been late again,a
21、s was expected.Tom has made great progress,which made us happy.6. 假如从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，就用which.a. He cheated his friend of mach money, which was very disgraceful.b. He came back late, which made his mother worried.固定表达： as we all know, as often happens, as you see, as is well known, as is exp
22、ected, as we expect, as was expected, as is mentioned above考点四：关系代词前介词的确定1. 依据从句中动词与先行词的规律关系，请体会：e.g. Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles.2. 依据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g. Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which I m sure.3. 依据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g. 1949 was the year in
23、which the P.R.C. was founded.4. 非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词 / 代词 + of +关系代词 ”的结构，如：e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.5. Whose 从句可转换为 “ of +关系代词 ”型，如：e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.They lived in a house, of which the door opens
24、 to the south. They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.关系副词 when, where, why 可以用适当的介词+which 来替代；如： when=in/on/at +which,where=in/on/at +whichw, hy=for+which介词的位置特别敏捷，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后；eg. 1. I won t ftohregedtate when on which I was born.2. This is the room where in which I live
25、d. = This is the room which I lived in.3. I don t know the reawsohny for which he haven t comtoeday.4. Tom still remembers the days when in which they lived in Tianjin.是否全部的介词 +关系代词都能用关系副词代替.欢迎下载精品学习资源The painting at which I looked was painted by me.The book about which I heard was written twenty ye
26、ars ago.The pen _with whichshe wrote that book can now be seen in a museum. The film _ _during which_ I fell asleep was very boring.Kunming is a beautiful place _ where / in which flowers are seen all the year round. I will never forgot the day _ _on which/when _ I first met you on the ship.结论： 只有当介
27、词 +关系代词充当地点状语、 时间状语或缘由状语时， 才能用关系副词代替；关系代词的省略：关系代词在从句中做动词的宾语I have been to the city twice that/which you just visited.关系代词在从句中做表语After many years, Johnson is not the naughty boy that he used to be.关系代词在从句中做介词的宾语，而介词在从句句尾时Generation gap is a problem which/that people are interested in. 分隔式定语从句I have a
28、 picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.The days are gone when we lived together, worked together and played together.混杂式定语从句 关系词与其后的词之间会有插入语，如Ithink ， Ibelieve ， Iguess， I expect， I am sure ， they say 等The girl knows three foreign languages ， which we all think makes it ea
29、sier for her to find a goodjob.多重定语从句I ll never forget the momentwhen I first met Mary andwhich makes me always feel happy.留意：在“ one of+ 复数名词 +定语从句 ”结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式由它修饰的先行词的数来打算， 但假如 one 前面有 the only 修饰时， 定语从句的谓语动词只能用单数；Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday. Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.欢迎下载