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1、精品学习资源1 我们争论地区位于距离重庆市大约60 公里的一个叫做小张村的地方Our study area is located in xiaozhang village , which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city .2 关于海相中生代地层和火山作用的地址调查早在1959 年就曾在该地进行过Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959.3 在这个地区，除了在小张村北面很小的一片地区侏罗系被白
2、垩系玄武岩大量侵入以外，侏罗纪地层露头几乎是连续的；In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts .4 2005 年夏季，在王教授的带领下，我们在这里进行了为期30 天的野外地质工作；In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days”5 昨天下午我们在教
3、室里胜利召开了关于如何组织下一次野外考察的会议； We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon .1 在全部的沉积层序的野外资料收集到之后，就要说明这些资料；All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .2 由于这种争论的目的是判定沉积过程和当时的环境，所以就要运用全部的野外资料来确定层序中的沉积相；Since this study ai
4、ms decide deposition process and environment , all field data have to be applied to determine the sedimentary facies of the succession .3 尽管近期争论中仍旧存在一些不大的分歧，但是涉及古生代冈瓦纳大陆的外形和构造的观点却大致相同；Although there are still some small differences in recent research, the viewpoints as to the from and structure of t
5、he Gondwana continent in the paleozoic remain roughly same.4 板块构造理论被大多数地质学家普遍接受，由于它供应了一个可以说明地球内部运动以及说明很多好像不相关的地质现象之间的相互关系的综合模式，The theory of plate tectonics is generally accepted by most geologists , because it offers an integrated model which can interpret the movements of earth s interiorandexplai
6、n interactionsofmanyseemingly irrelativegeologic phenomena.5 2006 年 11 月 27 日上午 6 点到 11 点，要求地质系全体新生到古生物试验室参观；All new students of department of geology , please visit the paleontology at 8am to 11am, November 27 ,2006.欢迎下载精品学习资源1 晚二叠世末期标志着海退高峰期始终是大多数地质学家接受的传统观点 Most geologists the traditional idea th
7、at the end of the late permian marks the peak of regression .2 很多地质学家因此很自然地同意了他得观点，即重要的环境变化分别是在晚二叠世末期和三叠纪早期；Therefore , many geologists naturallyagreed tohis viewpointthatthe important environmental changes occurred in late permian and early Triassic, respectively.3 尽管张教授的论文中多次提及王教授在其他学科方面的争论，但是没有一处
8、提及他的大地构造学说论点；Professor zhang didn mt entionprof. Wang sgeotectonic model at all .,although he repeatedly mentioned his work in other disciplines in his paper.4 让我最感爱好的是一群中国古生物学家在煤山的同一闻名剖面所做的工作；What interested me most was the work conducted by a group of chines paleontologists in the same famous sect
9、ion in Meishan.5 生物与环境的相互关系为我们熟悉地质历史中的生物圈演化供应了可能性；The interrelationbetween biology and environment provides possibility for understanding the evolution of the biosphere in the geological history.6 没有足够菊石资料的中生代地层的全球岁月地层比照是难以被信任的；Global chronostratigraphic correlation of Mesozoic strata is unreliable
10、without sufficient data of ammonites.1 至于东南亚的古地磁数据，由于岁月掌握很差，古生代的资料为有限， 其结果也特别可疑；中生代的数据总体上虽然更加可以信任，但是依旧处于熟悉阶段；The paleomagnetic data of the Southeast Asia quite doubtable due to the poor geochronological constraint by the limited paleozoic data .Although the Mesozoic data may be relatively more relia
11、ble, it is still being investigated.2 这篇论文试图在当前获知的地质物理条件下评估这些地块的起源以及它们在古生代和中生代运移历史的证据；This paper attempted to evaluate the origin of these blocks and evidences of theirmovements in thepaleozoic and Mesozoic based on thecurrently available geological and geophysical conditions .3 基于最近该区古地磁的争论进展，可以建立从
12、三叠纪至白垩纪的古地磁地层学层序；Based on the recent progress of paleomagnetism in this area, the paleomagnetostratigraphic sequence from the Triassic to Cretaceous can be established .欢迎下载精品学习资源4 晚三叠纪末期，华南沿秦岭合线和华北拼接，特提斯北支沿它的西部闭 合，从而使脊椎动物可以在新生的东南亚和劳亚大陆之间进行陆上交往； In the end of the Late Triassic, the South china Block
13、 collided with the Northchina Block along the Qinling suture zone , and the north branch of the Tethys collided along the western Qinling suture , therefore, the vertebrates were allowed to ashore exchange between the newborn Southeast Asia and Laurasia.5 数年前由于资料匮乏，对于地球和其他新球之间关系的争论了无成效There was no s
14、ignificant achievement on the relationship between the Earth and planets due to the lack of data several years ago .1 ， 200 多年以前，地质学家得出结论，古代的玄武岩也是火山成因的；Geologists drew a conclusion two hundred years ago that ancient basalt was of volcanic origin.2 证明花岗岩是由炙热的，熔融的物质通过结晶作用形成的岩石可不简洁； It nsot easy to pro
15、ve that granite is formed by hot and molten materials through crystallization .3 由于我们已经得到的资料告知我们直到地核界面的数千公里的地球都是固态的，所以我们必需拒绝那种陈旧的观点，它认为地球内部全部都是熔融的；Available data suggest the Earth be solid from the surface to the core -mantle boundary,and it is against the old viewpoint that the interior of the Eart
16、h is almost molten .4 由此，无论古地磁和大地构造学说能够说什么，我的观点是在晚三叠世至早侏罗世期间拉萨地块之间的特提斯海从未像有些作者期盼的那样广阔；Therefore, no matter what suggested in paleomagnetism and geotectonics, I believe that Tethyan ocean between the Lhasa block and the Qingtang block from the Late Triassic to the Early Jurassic was never as vast as
17、some authors suggested .1 大多数科学家认为，均变论是争论地球历史唯独牢靠而合理的途径；Most scientists hold that uniformitarianism is the only dependable and rational approach to a study of the history of the Earth.2 他留意到不同的组含有不同的化石，由此他能通过这些化石的差异把一个组合另一个组区分开；He noticed that fossil content varied from formation to formation , and
18、he could distinguish different formation by differences between these fossils .3 基岩通常隐伏在地表以下，也有很多的基岩是暴漏在外的，没有被土壤和松散砾石掩盖；Bedrocks are usually buried below the surface , while many are also exposed and uncovered by soil and loose gravel.欢迎下载精品学习资源4 北美非海相地层层序的世界性领导人物Paul Olsen 信任，他能依据孢粉确定三叠系、侏罗系Paul Ol
19、sen ; worldwide leader of nonmarine stratigraphic sequence of North America , believed thattheTriassic and Jurassic could be delimitedby sporopollen .5 这一点应当是很明显的，即海洋生物的大灭亡与海平面变化休戚与共It is evident that the mass extinction of marine life is closely bound up to sea - level changes.6 居维叶是宗教人士，但他的灾变论和科学历
20、史理论并不是建立在超自然理论基础上；Cuvier was a religious man , buthis proposal of Catastrophism and his perspective of natural science were not based on supernaturalism.1 小规模可以观看到暴风雨时发生的腐蚀作用； Erosion can be observed during a storm in a small scale.2 尼亚加拉瀑布是一个为人熟知的列子，它始终被用于争论来明白河流的腐蚀速率；It is well know that the Niaga
21、ra Falls have been used to study river erosion rate .3 除了海盗号着陆点紧邻周边地区外，火星地图的绘制根本没有进行地面检查；Mars is being mapped withno ground check ta all except forthe area immediately surrounding the landing site of viking .4 即使岩石本身没有变化，但随着时间的推移，我们观看它们的方式起了变化，因此我们绘制它们的方式也起了变化；Even though the rock themselves have no
22、t changed , the way we look at them , and therefore the way we map them , his changed over the years .1 通常的观点把地球看做是静态的，也就是不变的，而在地质学家眼中，地球始终处在变化的过程中；The Earth is usually considered to be static and unchanged while geologists regard it as being constantly changing ,2 作用于地壳内部的力能够导致大范畴地区变形；在某些情形下，有些场合区域
23、性运动只是简洁的上下位移，并不造成岩性组多大的变形；The force,actinguponthecrustinterior,can resultinlarge-scale deformation . In some cases , regional movement involves only up and down displacement without much deformation.3 在大约 250 万年的古生代末期，联合大陆从地球的一端延长到另一端；In late paleozoic 250 Myr ago , the pangaea extended from one end
24、 to the other of the Earth.4 如何才能够识别不复存在的古板块的界线呢？欢迎下载精品学习资源How can we recognize the disappeared boundaries between ancient plates.英译汉1 Star in universe may be classified according to size , color , composition , temperature,mutualrelationships,orstagesofevolutionary development .Obviously , a descri
25、ption of all these classifications is beyond the scope of the present discussion .宇宙中的恒星或许是依据其外形、颜色、构成、温度、相互作用或阶段性的演化进展；明显，关于这全部分类的描述已超过了现在争论到范畴2 By measuring the optical spectra of distant galaxies , Edwin Hubble noted that the velocity a galaxy moves away from the Earth increases proportionally to
26、 its distance from the Earth.通过关于银河系距离的光学光谱，哈勃留意到星体远离地球的速率与地球距离成比例3 Scientists believe that gravity , electromagnetic force , strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force are the Four Basic Forces of the universe.科学家认为重力、电磁力、强作用力、弱作用力是宇宙中的4 个基础的力4 Further study of the currently found galaxy will prov
27、ide astronomers with new insights into the early history of our own solar system.进一步的争论，最近发觉的星体将为天文学家供应一些关于太阳系早期历史的新视角5 The Jovian planets are all large and have low mean densities , indicating they are compounds such as ammonia and methane .类木行星都很庞大并且平均密度低，说明它们是由一些很轻的气体组成比方氢气和氦气，仍有冰冻化合物比方氡和甲烷1 Chan
28、ges of a radical or striking sort are usually indicative of major lapses of deposition and are of great importance in interpreting the local and regional history .这种根本的或显著的转变方式通常象征沉积间断和具有说明当地的和区域性沉积历史的重要作用2 On the continental shelf sand may accumulate in the high -energy nearshore environment , whil
29、e simultaneously mud and carbonate deposition take place in offshore low-energy environments . Deposition in each of these laterally adjacent environments yields a sedimentary facies ,a body of sediment with distinctive physical , chemical , and biological attributes .在大陆架上的沙体可能积存沉积于高能近岸的环境中，同沉积泥岩和碳
30、酸盐沉积物发生在远岸低能环境中；沉积物在每一个横向相邻的环境中形成一个沉积相，一个沉积体系拥有着与众不同的物理、化学、生物的属性3 When tracing rock units laterally , Walther reasoned that sedimentary facies欢迎下载精品学习资源deposited in laterally adjacent environments were also present in a vertical sequence, His observations have been formulated into Walther lasw , whi
31、ch holds that the same facies following one another in a conformable vertical sequence will also replace one another laterally .当在横向上追踪岩层时，沃尔特详尽地表达了一个沉积于横向相邻的沉积环境也存在于垂直序列的沉积相；他的观看被归纳为沃尔特相律；相律所持的观点垂向上有几种沉积相相互显现的次序与它们在横向上的相带次序是一样的4 Geologists agree that uplift or subsidence of the continents , the amo
32、unt of seawater frozen in glaciers , and rates of seafloor spreading are enough to cause marine transgressions and regressions .地质学家同意大陆的抬升或沉降，大量的海水冻结成冰川和海底扩张的速率是足以导致海侵或海退的5 As a result of the oceanographic research conducted in the 1950s, Harry Hess of the Princeton University proposed the theory o
33、f seafloor spreading in 1962to account for continental movement.作为 20 世纪 60 岁月开展的海洋学争论结果，普林斯顿高校的Harry Hess1962年提出的洋底扩张理论对大陆漂移学说作出了说明1 This book attempts to introduce professional and amateur paleontologists ,and all those fascinated by evolutionary biology , to the aesthetic and scientific essence o
34、f the Chengjiang fossils.这本书试图介绍给专业和业余的古生物学者和那些着迷于生物进化的人去明白澄江化石群美学和科学的本质2 Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life that have been preserved in sedimentary rocks or stratified igneous rocks . In addition to their use in determining relative ages of strata , fossils are important in deter
35、mining depositional environments .化石是史前生物的遗骸或遗迹，被储存在沉积岩或分层火成岩中，另外它们用来判定地层的相对年龄，化石对于沉积环境也是重要的判别依据3 William Smith , an English civil engineer involved in surveying and building canals in southern England, independently recognized the principle f superposition, reasoning that the lowest fossils in a se
36、quence of strata are oldest and those higher in the sequence are younger.威廉史密斯，一名参加过英格兰南部水道的勘测和建设的英国土木工程师；他独立的验证了地层叠覆律，论证了在地层层序中最低部的化石是最老的层序上层的化石更年轻4 According to the principle of fossil succession, fossil assemblages succeed one another through time in a regular and determinable order依据化石层序律，化石组合以肯
37、定规律的和可打算的时间次序显现欢迎下载精品学习资源5 Alvarez racked his brain to figure out an explanation for the superhigh content of iridium between the Cretaceous and Paleocene limestones, and the only one that made sense was an impact by an asteroid about 10 km in diameter阿尔瓦雷斯绞尽脑汁最终想出了一个说明白垩纪和古新世灰岩中铱元素大量富集的缘由，而唯独能说明是这是
38、由于它是被一个直径为10 千米的小行星所撞击所导致的1 At numerous times in the geologic past, the Earth msagnetic field has completely reversed.在过去很长的地质历史时期中，地磁场曾完全倒转2 Magnetic survey of the oceanic crust revealed striped magnetic anomalies in the rocks that were both parallel to and symmetrical with the oceanic ridges. 在洋壳磁
39、性调查中显示了岩石中的磁反常曲线沿大洋中脊平行，对称分布3 The age of the world oscean basins established from magnetic anomalies demonstrates that the youngest oceanic crust is adjacent to the spreading ridges and that its age increase s away from the ridge axis世界上海洋盆地的年龄是通过磁反常来确定的，越年轻的洋壳越邻近扩张中脊，洋壳的年龄随着距离洋中脊轴线距离的增大而变老4 When ir
40、on minerals are being deposited as particles, they fall into place like freelyswinging compass needles aligned inthedirectionof theEarth s magnetic field. This is called depositional remanent magnetism.当铁矿物作为颗粒沉积时，它沉积时就像罗盘指针随地球磁场自由摇摆对齐；这种现象叫沉积剩磁5 Paleomagnetism is the remanent magnetism in ancient r
41、ocks recording thedirection of the Earth s magnetic poles at the time of the rock 古地磁学是在岩石形式过程中记录的地球磁极方向在古岩石中的剩磁1 The mechanical force ofa magma invading rocks leads tostructural deformation, which alone can metamorphose rocks.岩浆侵入岩石的机械应力导致结构变形，这就能使岩石变质2 I remembered having seen this geologic phenom
42、enon somewhere else.我记得在另一个地方见到过这种地质现象3 Some magma is erupted onto the surface as lava flows, and some is forcefully ejected into the atmosphere as particles known as pyroclastic materials.一些岩浆被喷发至外表作为熔岩流，仍有一些被强有力地喷发至大气中作为我们所知道的火山碎屑物原料的颗粒来源4 Although silica is the primary constituent of nearly all m
43、agmas, silica content varies and serves to distinguish虽然二氧化硅是几乎全部岩浆的主要组成部分，二氧化硅含量会有变化且有助于区分长英质 65%二氧化硅，中性 53-60%二氧化硅，镁铁质欢迎下载精品学习资源45-53%二氧化硅岩浆5 Metamorphism usually takes place beneath .变质作用通常发生在地球外表之下，岩石遭受充分的热量，压力，流体活动转变了矿物的成分和或结构1 The division of the geologic timescale .地质岁月的划分分为纪、世、期，主要是基于化石记录的变化
44、；因此，它原本是一个相对的时间刻度2 Uniformitarianism is thus a powerful principle .均变论是一个答应我们使用现今的过程作为说明过去和猜测将来大事强有力的原就3 The Earth s curst and upper mantle.地壳和上地幔的岩石圈，它被分解成一系列的板块，发散，收敛，横向滑动到另一个板块上4 Although geologists can describe .尽管地质学家可以描述和说明在板块边界发生的事情，但仍有关于导致板块运动的可能驱动因素的争辩1 Visualizing the larger pattern of geo
45、logic .设想把大多数地质关系和构造大多数模式的图件，与地质学交叉部分结合在一起能帮忙地质争论者的想法并且能从图件上达证明更多的细节和推理2 The geologic mapper strives to understand the composition.地质图旨在图件上使用符号和颜色来描述观看和说明，努力去认知地球外表及深处在地质图件上的文字和地质细节的构造3 The most notable mineral deposits .原生代最值得留意的矿物储量是条带状铁矿；尽管在太古代和原生代有一小部分被发觉，但是 92%的条带状铁矿是在被储备在晚原生代4 The key to any r
46、econstruction of world .世界古地理的大陆经纬度正确位置的重建的关键就和古大陆的相关性跟古北极的一样1 Both compounds do not dissolve in water两个化合物不溶于水2 I couldn t agree you more我特别同意你的观点3 But for your help , we should not have finished work in time要不是你的帮忙，我们就不能准时完成这项工作了；4 I don t think it is beyond his power to fulfill this task我觉得他有才能完成
47、这个任务5 His visit to London is a nothing but success他的伦敦之行根本不胜利6 Nothing his contributed more to the fall of nations than humankind欢迎下载精品学习资源to cooperate with nature .没有什么比人类与自然合作的失败更能促进国家的下降完型；1. THE- nature, breaks, moves down, is made up of, top, whose, erupts, every, which, pile, volcano2. FOR-eroded, downstream, bedded, grains, sedimentary, deposition, concrete, clay, pressure, evaporate3. PEKING-Excavated, vanished,