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1、精品学习资源毕业设计 论文）材料之二 开题报告题目：基于单片机的脉搏测量仪的设计课 题 类 型：设计 错误 .试验讨论论文 学 生 姓 名： 联系扣扣： 2825772782学号：专 业 班 级：学院：电气工程学院指 导 教 师：开 题 时 间2021年 3 月 11 日2021 年 3月 11 日欢迎下载精品学习资源开题报告内容与要求一、毕业设计 论文）内容及讨论意义 价值）随着科技进展的不断提高，生命科学和信息科学的结合越来越紧密，显现了各种新奇的脉搏测量仪器，特殊是电子脉搏仪的显现，使脉搏测量变得特别便利；脉诊在我国已具有 2600 多年临床实践，是我国传统中医的精髓，但祖国传统医学采纳
2、“望、闻、问、切”的手段进行病情诊断，受人为的影响因素较大，测量精度不高；科技的创新，脉搏测试不再局限于传统的人工测试法或听诊器测试法，脉搏测量可利用电子仪器测量出精度更就的数据； 人体脉搏信号中包含丰富的生理信息，也逐步引起了临床医生的很大爱好，达到了便利、快捷、精确的测量脉搏的目的；随着电子测量技术 的快速进展，现代电子测量仪器以极快的速度向数字化、自动化的方向进展；制成的 脉搏测量仪器性能良好，结构简洁，有较好的应用和推广价值；脉搏测量仪的设计，必需是通过采集人体脉搏变化引起的一些生物信号，然后把生物信号转化为物理信号，使得这些变化的物理信号能够表达人体的脉搏变化，最终要得出每分钟的脉搏
3、次数，就需要通过相应的硬件电路及芯片来处理物理变化并储备脉搏次数；在硬件设计中一般的物理信号就是电压变化；本系统的组成包括传感器、信号处理、单片机电路、显示电路、键盘输入等部分；联系扣扣： 2825772782二、毕业设计 论文）讨论现状和进展趋势 文献综述）随着科学技术的进展，脉搏测量技术也越来越先进，对脉搏的测量精度也越来越高，国内外先后研制了不同类型的脉搏测量仪，脉搏测试不再局限于传统的人工测试法或听诊器测试法，脉搏测量可利用电子仪器测量出精度更就的数据；人体脉搏信号中包含丰富的生理信息，也逐步引起了临床医生的很大爱好，达到了便利、快捷、精确在测量脉搏的目的；随着电子测量技术的快速进展，
4、现代电子测量仪器以极快的速度向数字化、自动化的方向进展；制成的脉搏测量仪器性能良好，结构简洁，有较好的应用和推广价值；而其中关键是对脉搏传感器的讨论；起初用于体育测量的脉搏测试集中在对接触式传感器的讨论，利用此类传感器所研制的指脉、耳脉等测量仪各有其优缺点；指脉测量比较便利、简洁，但由于手指上的汗腺较多，指夹常年使用，污染可能会使测量灵敏度下降：耳脉测量比较洁净，传感器使用环境污染少，简洁保护；但因耳脉较弱，特殊是当季节变化时，所测信号受环境温度影响明显，造成测量结欢迎下载精品学习资源果不精确；过去在医院临床监护和日常中老年保健中显现的日常监护仪器，如便携式 电子血压计，可以完成脉搏的测量 ,
5、但是这种便携式电子血压计利用微型气泵加压橡胶气囊，每次测量都需要一个加压和减压的过程，存在体积巨大、加减压过程会有不适、脉搏检测的精确度低等缺点；脉搏测量仪的进展主要向以下几个趋势进展：1）自动测量脉搏并且对所得到的脉搏进行自动分析；目前很多脉搏测量仪都具有检测血氧等其他的功能，但是对这些信号的分析和诊断仍需要一些有体会的医生观看，进行分析后才能确认结果，铺张大量的人力，且由人为引入的误差较大；因此，将来脉搏自动检测的内容将更加具体，自动分析诊断功能也更强大；2） 数字化技术等先进技术的应用；随着数字科学技术的进展，脉搏测量仪集成度将更高，更便于携带；数字信号处理的运用将使干扰更小，测量更为精
6、确；、强度波幅、速率波速和节律周期等方面的综合信息，在很大程度上反映出人体心血管系统中很多生理病理的血流特点,因此对脉搏波采集和处理具有很高的医学价值和应用前景；但人体的生物信号多属于强噪声背景下的低频的弱信号,脉搏波信号更是低频柔弱的非电生理信号,因此必需经过放大和后级滤波以满意采集的要求；欢迎下载精品学习资源三、毕业设计 论文）讨论方案及工作方案 含工作重点与难点及拟采纳的途径）本设计采纳单片机 AT89C51 为掌握核心，实现脉搏测量仪的基本测量功能；系统硬件框图如下图 1 所示：键盘输入脉搏传感器信号放大与整形电路单片机AT89C51显示电路报警电路图 1 脉搏测量仪硬件框图本设计的难
7、点在软件编码与调试这一部分，软件这部分用C 语言编写， C 语言编写比较简洁，而且看起来脉络清楚，明白，易懂；并且调试、修改起来也比较便利；编写时各个模块可以独立编写，各个模块用一个函数表示，需要时只需调用即可，最后再将各个模块联系起来；当然，各个模块程序的编写仍是相当不简洁的，需要多查阅资料与学习；重点在硬件设计，硬件设计主要就是各个模块的设计，其关键在于仪器选型和电路设计，如：显示电路用LED 显示，键盘主要用于设定脉搏波速上下限，不在此范畴，就就报警；这部分也需多查阅资料，多多请教别人，多摸索；欢迎下载精品学习资源起止日期日/月）周次内容进程备注2.25- 3.31熟识毕业论文的题目，查
8、阅相关的资料工作方案3.4-3.102构思设计模块，撰写开题报告3.11- 3.173理清思路，提出论文设计方案3.18-3.244论证方案3.25-3.3154.1-4.76硬件设计 各模块设计）4.8-4.1474.15-4.2184.22-4.2894.29-5.510软件编码与调试5.6-5.12115.13-5.19125.20-5.2613撰写论文5.27-6.214完成初稿6.3-6.915修改定稿，送审6.10-6.1616再修改并预备答辩6.17-6.2317答辩6.24-6.3018欢迎下载精品学习资源四、主要参考文献 不少于 10 篇，期刊类文献不少于7 篇，应有肯定数量
9、的外文文献，至少附一篇引用的外文文献 is ameasure of the elasticity or stiffnessof peripheral arterial blood vessels. The pulse referred to here will be thepressure pulse as opposed to the flow pulse measured by ultrasound Doppler.The pressure pulse velocity varies over the range from about 12 m s-1 to15 m s-1 in stif
10、f pe ripheral arteries, whereas in normal arteries it has a velocityin the range of 7 to 9 m s-1.The aimof this projectwas the development of a fast and easy to use systemfor the determinationofperipheralarterialpulse wavevelocity.Theprincipleofthe PWV measurement is based on simultaneous measuremen
11、t of two pulsewaves at two different positions, such as the radial artery at the wrist andthe brachial artery just above the elbow. By determining the pulse transit timebetween these points and the distance measured between the two locations,pulse wave velocity may then be calculated. The pressure p
12、ulse detection isdone by using two piezoelectric sensors which generate a measurable voltageat the output contacts if they are mechanically deformed. The deformationproduced voltage is first amplified and filtered and then digitalized with a dataacquisition card. The analysis of the data obtainedfro
13、m the sensors includesa filtering process, the calculation of the PWV with three different methodsfoot-to-foot,cross-correlationandpeak-to-peakandthedeterminationof thearterial pulse rate.Thesensor technique used inthisworkinvolvesthepiezoelectriceffectin polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF, which produces
14、 an output voltage in response to mechanical pressure on the material.Three methods of APWV determination are used: foot-to-foot APWV ； peak-to-peakAPWVand cross-correlationAPWV. The FFAPWV and CCAPWVmethods are less sensitive to pressure wave reflections at bifurcations, etc inthe arterial tree, th
15、an the PPAPWV method. Mean values and standard deviations were computed for all three methods and compared. Foo-tto-foot APWV FFAPWV. This is based on the velocity of the foot ,edge, of the pressure pulse wave. The arrival times of the foot of the pulse wave attwopositions along the artery are recor
16、ded. Ift is the difference in arrival times ands thedistance between the two recording positions proximal and distal, the FFAPWV is simplyFFAPWV = s/t.欢迎下载精品学习资源 Pea-tko-peak APWV PPAPWV. This icsompletely analogous to the FFAPWVexcept that the points of observation are the two proximal and distal p
17、eaks of the pulse waveandPPAPWV = s/t.Apparent pulse wave velocity AAPWV. The pressure wave may be represented as a Fourier series,Pt = P0 +Pn sinn t + nWhereP0 is the mean fluid pressure, n is the harmonic number, Pn is the amplitude of the nthharmonic andn is the phase angle of the nth harmonic.Th
18、e spatial rate of change of the phase for one harmonic based on two simultaneouspressure measurements separated by a distance _s along an artery, is related to the apparentarterial pulse wave velocity AAPWV by the following equation,AAPWVn = snf 360o/x1- x2WhereAAPWVn is the apparent pulse wave velo
19、city for the nth harmonic, f is the heart rate,x1 is the phase angle for the proximal harmonic n andx2 is the phase angle for the distalharmonic n.Cross-correlation PWV. If the arterial pulse at the proximal measurement position isrepresented by the pressure time series Px1, t and that at the distal
20、 position by Px2, t andthe cross-correlation coefficient isx1,x2 , then will have a maximum value at some timelag.The correlation function can be expressed asx1,x2 = 1/T Px1, tPx2, t dt.The value of at whichmaximumcorrelation occurs represents the transit time _t of thepressure wave from position x1
21、 to position x2 along the arterial segment. From the separationdistance and transit time data the correlation arterial pulse wave velocity isCCAPWV = x2 - x1/t.In this work normal, young test subjects were used, and it has the primary objectives of optimizing the measurement procedures and establish
22、ing the statistical spread and mean values of the observed PWVs for a specific peripheral arterial segment. Based on this, it is planned to use the system in clinical trials involving patients with peripheral arterial disease due to diabetes, hypertension, etc, pre-, during and post treatment pharma
23、ceutical or surgical.欢迎下载精品学习资源Analogue and digital circuitryAnalogue charge amplifier. Piezoelectricmaterials convert mechanical stress or strain into proportionate electrical energy, by producing a charge when subjected to mechanicalstress. The charge is converted to a voltage by an operational am
24、plifier connected as a current integrator, called a charge amplifier. The signal output of the amplifier is approximately -30 mV. It is augmented by signal amplification.Analogue signal amplification . This is done by use of an inverting amplifier. Because a dc signal appears at the output of the ch
25、arge amplifier, dc offset removal is essential and is implemented in the inverting summingThe next phase of the analogue circuitry is a low pass filter to remove the 50 Hz noiseinterference.Digital controlled data acquisition and analysis. A data acquisition board DAQ is required when the transducer
26、 signals need interfacing with a PC. The board contains 12 bit plus sign and a successive approximation and self-calibrating analogue-to-digital ADC converter. The ADC incurs a systematic error known as the quantization error. It is due to limited resolution and with the analogue input limit set at
27、-5 to +5 V, the quantization error of the A/D converter used here was calculated to be 0.122 m. VThe data acquisition and analysis was done using Lab View a powerful instrumentation and analysis programming language for PCs.Digital data acquisition program. The data acquisition circuit performs all
28、the necessary operations for the data acquisition with Lab View. The functions of the circuit initialize thedata acquisition and read the data from the acquisition card. These data are stored for later usein the data analysis part of the program.Lab View programs are called virtual instruments VIs b
29、ecause of their appearance and operations are analogous to measuring instruments. A VI that is called within another VI is called a sub-VI and is analogous to a subroutine in text-based languages.The data acquisition, analysis and presentation are comprised of three main procedures:1 Data acquisitio
30、n card to interface the hardware to the PC.2 Data acquisition program to acquire and store data in a spreadsheet file.3 Data analysis to carry out digital signal processing, calculate PWV and present results.PWV Calculation1. PWV calculation using peak detection. To calculate PWV using peaks, the lo
31、cation of the peaks must first be determined, so that the transit time of the wave between the peaks can be determined. It was found that the best method of peak detection is the derivative of the curve method. If the first derivative of a curve is zero, then an extreme value can exist eithera peak
32、or a turning point. It is necessary to take the second derivative at this pointif this isalso zero, then an extreme value exists. The second VI used to determine the PWV is PWVcalc, using the time separation between the located peaks.2. PWV with pressure wave foot detection. The VI named PWV Foot de
33、termines theleading edge foot of the pressure wave at the upstream and downstream locations. The VI named PWVcalc is again used to compute the PWV from the time separation between the two leading edges -tof-ofoot t APWV or FFAPWV.3. PWV with cross-correlation. The PWV determination with cross-correl
34、ation is done欢迎下载精品学习资源with the VI named CalcPWV. The VI is in two parts: a part for the initialization function and a part for the calculation of the CCAPWV.In all cases PWV values are assembled in an array and the mean value, standarddeviation and variance are calculated.Sensor positioningSensor p
35、lacement is critical to obtaining consistent measurements. A screw mechanism was first used to apply the sensors to the skin. But readings were very variable and so this technique was replaced by that in which the sensors are fixed to the skin by elastic strips. This led to better results.Arm positi
36、on is another critical feature of measurement. Two positions, normal and dependent, were analyzed in detail, using one test subject. In the normal position, the subject sits with the arm resting on a table. All test subject measurements were made in this position. In the dependent position, the subj
37、ect sits with the arm hanging straight down.The PWV values were smaller in this position and the variability was much greater, so this technique was discarded.A correction module, Delete Incorrect, was used to delete PWV values resulting froaberrant signals, caused commonly by arm movement during th
38、e measurement. These unrealistic values were deleted before the PWV values were passed to the analysis VI.中文翻译压电传感器测定动脉脉搏波速度动脉脉搏波速度 APWV是一个测量的弹性 或刚度 的外周动脉血管；这里指的脉 冲将压力脉冲 , 而不是流脉冲多普勒超声测量；压力脉冲速度变化范畴从12ms- 1 到15ms- 1, 而在正常动脉有速度范畴 , 在 7 到 9 ms- 1；这个工程的目标是开发一种快速和易于使用的系统测定外周动脉脉搏波速度；测量仪的原理是基于同时测量两个脉冲波在两个不同
39、的位置, 比如桡动脉在手腕和上臂肱动脉略高于肘部；通过测定脉冲过境时间这些点之间和距离测量这两个地点, 脉搏波速度可能会被运算；压力脉冲检测是通过使用两个压电传感器产生一个可测量的电压输出联系人假如他们是机械变形；变形产生电压是第一放大和过滤, 然后用数据采集卡数字化；分析中获得的数据传感器包括一个过滤过程中, 运算有三种不同的方法 foot- to-foot APWV ；peak-to-peak APWV 和 cross-correlation APWV；传感器技术用于这项工作涉及到压电效应在聚偏二氟乙烯PVDF,它产生一个输出电压响应机械压力对材料；三种测定动脉脉搏波速度的方法是 : fo
40、ot-to-foot APWV ；peak-to-peak APWV and cross-correlation APWV；FFAPWV和CCAPWV 方法不敏锐 , 压力波反射在分支等在动脉树, 比如PPAPW方V法；平均值和标准偏差是这三种方法分别要运算并比较的； Foo-tto-foot APWVFFAPWV； 这是基于压力脉冲波速度的 “脚”或,前缘；脚的到达时间的脉冲波在两个位置沿动脉被记录； t是到达时间之差和 s是两个记录位置 近端和远端 之间的距离 ,FFAPWV 是欢迎下载精品学习资源FFAPWV = s / ；t欢迎下载精品学习资源 Pea-tko-peak APWVPPAPWV；冲波的两个 近端和远端 的山峰这是完全类似于FFAPWV，只是点的观测是