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1、天馨训练辅导班资料UNIT1 现在完成时的重点和难点一、现在完成时的 “完成用法 ”和“未完成用法 ”1. 现在完成时的 完成用法 现在完成时的 完成用法 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已终止,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情形具有因果关系；例如：He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了；动作终止于过去,但说明的是现在的情形-灯现在不亮了； 现在完成时 完成用法 的特点是动作不连续 ,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语 如： already ,yet,before ,recently 等、频度时间状语 如： never ,ever ,once 等、包括现在
2、时刻在内的时间状语 如：this morning month year. , today 等连用；例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？2. 现在完成时的 未完成用法 现在完成时的 未完成用法 指的是动作开头于过去某一时刻,始终连续到现在,或可能仍要连续下去；例如： He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978 年以来,他始终住在这儿； 动作起始于 1978 年,始终住到现在,可能仍要连续住下去；I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了；动作开
3、头于 5 年前,始终连续至今,有可能仍要连续下去；此种用法的句中常 需一个表示一段时间的状语 由 since或 for 引导,或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语如： up to now,so far 到目前为止 等；例如： I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息；留意： 1现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于连续性动词,不行用于终止性动词,即瞬时完成或连续时间很短的动词； 如：come ,go,arrive ,leave ,join ,become ,die 等；2现在完成常常见两种句型：主语 have / has been for
4、短语It is 一段时间since 从句例如： He has been in the League for three years.或 It is three years since he joined the League.他入团已三年了；3、连续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中, 动词按其动作发生的方式、 动作发生过程的长短, 可分为连续性动词和终止性动词；连续性动词 表示能够连续的动作,这种动作可以连续下去或产生长久影响；如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, li
5、ve, stay 等；终止性动词 也称非连续性动词 、瞬时动词或短暂性动词,表示不能连续的动作,循序而渐进,熟读而精思；这种动作发生后立刻终止； 如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等；4、连续性动词的用法特点1. 连续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示段时间的状语连用；表示段时间 的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等；如：I have
6、 learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了；2. 连续性动词不能与表示短临时间的 点时间 状语连用；如：It raind at eight yesterday morning. 误 rain 为连续性动词,而 at eight 表示 点时间,前后明显冲突；假如用连续性动词表示一瞬时的动作,可以借助 come, begin, get 等终止性动词来表示；上句可改为： It began to rain at eight yesterday morning. 正又如：-When did you get to know Jack. -Two year
7、s ago.-Then youve known each other for more than two years. -Thats right. 5、终止性动词的用法特点1. 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时；如：The train has arrived. 火车到了；Have you joined the computer group.你加入电脑小组了吗？2. 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能连续；因此,不行与表示一段时间的状语连用 只限确定式 ；如：(1) 他死了三年了；误： He has died for three years.正： He has been d
8、ead for three years.正： He died three years ago.正： It is three years since he died.正： Three years has passed since he died.(2) 他来这儿五天了； 误： He has come here for five days.正： He has been here for five days.正： He came here five days ago. 正： It is five days since he came here. 正： Five days has passed sin
9、ce he came here.(1) 、2句中的 die、come 为终止性动词,不能与表示 段时间的状语连用；那么,应如何正确表达呢？可以采纳下面的四种方法：(1) 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的连续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式；下面列举几例： leave be away, borrow keep, buy have,begin/start be on, die be dead, move to live in, finish be over, join be in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall ill be ill,
10、 get up be up, catch a cold have a col；d(2) 将句中表示 段时间的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语, 如下面两例中的其次种正确表达方式；(3) 用句型 It is+ 段时间+since. 表达原意, 如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式；(4) 用句型 时间+has passed+since.表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正循序而渐进,熟读而精思；确表达方式；3. 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以连续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用；如： He hasnt left here since 1986. I havent heard from
11、my father for two weeks.4. 终止性动词的否定式与 until/till 连用,构成 not+ 终止性动词 +until/till .的句型,意为 直到 才；如： You cant leave here until I arrive. 直到我到了,你才能离开这里；I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今日晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉；5. 终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中,但不行以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中； when 表示的时间是 点时间 从句谓语
12、动词用终止性动词,也可以是 段时间从句谓语动词用连续性动词 ；而 while 表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用连续性动词；如： When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. reach 为终止性动词 Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. be away 为连续性动词短语 6. 终止性动词完成时不行与 how long 连用只限于确定式 ；如：误： How long have you come here. 正： How long have you been here.正
13、： When did you come here.二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区分1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或常常发生的动作；说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对现在 产生的影响；如：He visited Guilin in 1998. 他 1998 年参观过桂林； 只说明去桂林的时间 2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果；不与确定的过去时间状语连用；如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑； 着重点是现在有了一台新电脑 3. 两种时态的区分(1) 一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完
14、成时的谓语基本构成是助动词 have /has + 过去分词 ；如： The film started at 7 oclocHk.e has been a teacher for many years.(2) 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用；如：yesterday, last week,two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时就常与 just, already, ever, never 等副词和 these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段时间的状语连用；看看以下的几组句子, 有什么区分？ Have you s
15、een the film.A Did you see the film.B说明 你看过这部电影吗？ A句强调的是被问者对剧情是否明白； B 句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容； How has he done it.AHow did he do it.B循序而渐进,熟读而精思；说明他是怎么做的这件事？ A 句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；B句单纯的询问做这件事的方式； He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.AHe lived in Beijing for 8 years.B说明他在北京住了 8 年；A 句讲的是到目前为
16、止他在北京住了8 年,可能仍会连续在北京住下去； B 句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年,现在不在北京了；三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难把握、中考考查较多的时态；涉及的考点有： 一、考查其构成助动词 have has + 动词过去分词 构成现在完成时；如：1. Kates never seen Chinese films,. A. hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she析：陈述句部分含否定词 never, 简略问句部分要用确定式,又因Kates 是 Katehas 的缩写,应选 B；2. His uncle has already posted
17、the photos to him. 改为否定句 His uncleposted the photos to him.析： already 常用在确定句中, yet 常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasnt, yet ；3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -Soher parents.A. has B. had C. didD. have析： so+ 助/系/情态动词+主语结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一样,又后句的主语为her parents 是复数,应选 D；二、考查其用法与标志词一当句中有 never, ever, just, already, yet,
18、 before等时,常用现在完成时；如：1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball.-youyour homework yet.A. Do; finishB. Are; finishingC. Did; finishD. Have; finished2. -youanywhere before. -Yes, but I cant remember where I A. Did; surf; surfedB. Have; surfed; surfedC. Did; surf; have surfedD. Have; surfed; have surfed析
19、：据 yet 和 before 可知,应用现在完成时,故 1 题选 D, 2 题选 D；二当句中有 for + 段时间或since + 点时间等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必需是连续性动词, 如是非连续性动词, 要改为连续性动词或表状态的词短语；如：1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twicehe came to Yunnan.A. afterB. beforeC. sinceD. for析：主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,应选C；2. Tomthe CD player for two weeks.A. has lentB. ha
20、s borrowedC. has boughtD. has had循序而渐进,熟读而精思；析：A、B、C 均为非连续性动词,在确定句中不与表 段时间的短语连用,应选D；3. Ia letter from him since he left.A. didnt receiveB. havent gotC. didnt haveD. havent heard析：据 since 可知, 应排除 A、C,hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb. 意为收到某人的来信 ,应选 B；三、考查 have/has been to, in/have/has g
21、one to的区分； 如：1. -Have you everLintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors.-Yes, I have.A. went toB. gone toC. been inD. been to析：据句中的 have ,排除 A, B 项意为去某地了 ,C 项意为始终呆在某地 , D 项意为去过某地 ,符合题意,应选 D；2. My parentsShangdong for ten years.A. have been inB. have been toC. have gone toD. have been析：此题句中有 for+ 段时间结构
22、,据此可排除 C,B 项意为去过某地 ,不合题意, D 项缺介词,应选 A；四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区分；如：1. Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.改成正确的句子 析：非连续性动词与 段时间 连用时,除了把非连续性动词改成连续性动词外, 仍可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型Its + 段时间+since+ 从句进行句子转换；故答案为： Suns aunt has been there for ten years. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. /Its ten years since Suns
23、aunt went there.2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.改为同义句 more than ten yearsSusanto this city.析：据上题分析,且 since 引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填 It is, since, came ；3. I wont go to the concert because Imy ticket.A. lostB. dont loseC. have lostD. is coming析：因我丢了票的动作发生在过去, 而且对现在造成了我不能参与音乐会的结果, 符合现在完成
24、时所表示的含意,应选C；UNIT2 过去进行时（留意 whenwhileas引导的时间状语从句；）UNIT3 被动语态复习 “三步曲 ”被动语态是动词语态的一种形式 ,表示主语是动作的承担者；在历年的中考题中, 都有肯定数量的考查被动语态的题目；因此,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习； 第一曲: 把握被动语态的结构被动语态由 助动词 + 及物动词的过去分词 构成；不同时态的被动语态的差循序而渐进,熟读而精思；异主要表达在助动词 be 的变化上 ,同时助动词 be 仍要在人称和数上与主语保持一样；现将中学阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:1. 一般现在时的被动语态 :am/is/are+done
25、指及物动词的过去分词 ,下同如: English is used all over the world.2. 一般过去时的被动语态 :was/were+done如: The picture was painted twoyears ago.3. 现在进行时的被动语态 :am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.4. 现在完成时的被动语态 :havehas+been+done如:The room has beencleaned.5. 一般将来时的被动语态 :will/be going to+be+done如:
26、The work will be finished tomorrow.6. 含有情态动词的被动语态 :情态动词 +be+done如:Your homework must behanded in today.其它几种特别句型：It is said that .I.t is well known thatIt .is reported that .have sth done其次曲: 把握主动语态变被动语态的方法把主动语态变为被动语态时 ,应走好以下三步 : 1 主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 ; 2 主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3 主动结构的主语变为介词 by 的宾语,
27、组成介词短语 ,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后； 在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承担者时,by 短语可以省略；请看示范 : 主动语态 :My brotherrepairedthat bike yesterday.主语谓语动词宾语其余部分被动语态 :That bikewas repairedby my brother yesterday.主语谓语动词by+ 宾语其余部分对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查,主要在句型转换题目中显现；只要能够依据上面介绍的方法去做 ,一般是能够做对的；第三曲: 留意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特别句型1.含有短语动词的被动语态一般来说 ,只有及物动词才有被动语态 ；
28、另外, 很多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词 ,相当于及物动词 ,后面也可加宾语； 在变被动语态时 ,留意不行丢掉后面的介词或副词 , 常见的这类短语动词有 :take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等；如:The old people should be taken good care of.2. 含有双宾语的动词的被动语态含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时 ,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语 , 另一个宾语仍保留在原处；一种情形是把间接宾语 指人 变为主语 ,直接宾语 指物不变；另一种情形是把直接宾语
29、指物变为主语 , 间接宾语 指人 不变,这时,循序而渐进,熟读而精思；间接宾语前通常加介词to, 有时加 for；如:My father gave me a new book on my birthday.I was given a new book by my father on my birthday. 间接宾语作了主语A new book was given to me by my father on my birthday. 直接宾语作了主语3. 带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态带有复合宾语 宾语和宾语补足语 的主动语态变为被动语态时 ,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语 ,原先的宾语补足语不动；
30、 同时,假如宾语补足语是省略to 的动词不定式 ,变为被动语态时 ,必需加上不定式符号to, 这类动词有 make, let, see, hear, watch 等；如:We find English very useful. English is found very useful.宾语宾补I often hear himsing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room.宾语 宾补4. 有的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义 ,这类动词有 : wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel 等；如:The
31、books sell well.The food tastes good.以上四种情形在中考题目中常常显现 ,同学们在遇到类似题目时 ,应第一分析属于哪种情形 ,然后再依据把握的学问来做题；二、被动语态考点归纳1. 主动语态改为被动语态时,被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一样；如：We speak English .（改为被动语态） English by us.分析此句主动语态为一般现在时态,被动语态也应用一般现在时态,因此, 答案应是 is spoken ；2. 留意被动语态的谓语结构；一般现在时是： am / is / are + p.p；一般过去时是： was / were + p.p；现
32、在完成时是：have / has / been + p.p；现在进行时是： am / is / are / + being + p.p； 含有情态动词的是：情态动词 be + p.p ；有诗曰：被动语态须留意,谓语不离“be”“ p；.p主”谓一样别遗忘, “进行”易丢一个“be；”（注： p.p 过去分词）；如：We must take good care of our eyes.（改为被动语态） Our eyes must good care of.分析此句中含有情态动词 must ,那么,我们依据 “情态动词 be+p.p. ”的公式可知,答案应是 be taken ；3. 留意句中主谓
33、语的一样关系；如：Tea（grow ）in southeast of China and India.分析此句中主语 tea 是不行数名词,作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式；而此句说明的又是一自然现象, 因此就应用一般现在时态； 所以,答案应是 is grown ；循序而渐进,熟读而精思；4. 留意复合宾语的变化；如：They couldn” t make the cow go（.改为被动语态）分析 the cow go在句中作 make 的复合宾语；一般情形下,变为被动语态后,宾语补足语的结构形式、 所处位置原封不动地储存下来, 但 make / have / let/ see / watch
34、/ hear等后原可省的 to 要仍原回来；明显,此句中,the cow go中省去的 to 应仍原回来,因此答案应是 The cow couldn ”t be made to go.5. 留意双宾语的变化；如：Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday .（改为被动语态）Two pictures the students by Mr Smith.分析变为被动语态时, 双宾语中的任何一个皆可变为主语, 一般变直接宾语, 但间接宾语前必需加上介词 to 或 for ；此句中明显是把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,那么,间接宾语前须加上介词t
35、o,所以答案应是 were shown to ；6. 留意短语动词中的 “小词”；如：The old men and the childrenin our country.A. must take good careB. must be taken good careC. must be taken good care ofD. must take good care of分析 短语动词是一个不行分割的整体,应当做一个词来看待, 变成被动语态后, “小词”不能丢弃；因此,此题答案应是C；UNIT5 直接引语变间接引语一、句式的变化1. 陈述句变为以 that 引导的宾语从句； that 在口语
36、中常省略 She said,“ Our train will arrive in five minutes.” She said that their train would arrive in five minutes.He said,“ I m very busy.” He said that he was very busy.2. 一般疑问句变成 if/whether 引导的宾语从句；He said,“ Can you swim,John.”He asked John if he could swim.The teacher said,“ Have you all understood
37、meT.he tea”cher asked if we had all understood him.If/whether的用法主要区分点 :a. whether 可与 or not 连用 I don t know whether he will come or not.b. 与介词连用： We are talking about whether he will win.c. 与不定式连用： I can t decide whether to go with you.3. 特别疑问句变为由 who/what/when 等疑问词引导的宾语从句；George said,“ When will yo
38、u get back from Shanghai,Mike.”循序而渐进,熟读而精思；George asked Mike when he would get back from ShanghaiHe said,“ Where are you going.”He asked where I was going.4. 祈使句变为动词不定式；表示命令常常用tell; 表示恳求常常用 ask；Dont 变为 not The teacher said to the boy,“ Open the windoTwh.e te”acher told the boy to open the window.His
39、 father said to him,“ Don t leave the door oHpiesnf.ather to”ld him not toleave the door open.5 .反意疑问句,变为由 if/whether 引导的宾语从句；She asked me, “ You have seen the film, havenShteyoausk.ed”me if/whether I had seen the film.6. 挑选问句,变为 whether or I asked him,“ Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight
40、.”I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.7. 直接引语是感叹句时, 变间接引语时可用 what 或 how 引导,有时也可用 that引导；She said,“ What a lovely day it is. She said that it was a lovely day.二、时态的变化附：时态不变的几种情形：She s”aid what a lovely day it was.1. 如主句谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时,就间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原先时态；He says, “
41、 I m very busy today.” He says that he is very busy today.He will say,“ I have watered the flowers. the flowers.He wi”ll say thathe has watered2. 直接引语假如是客观真理,事实,格言等内容时,变间接引语时,时态不变；例：He said:“Light travels much faster than soun他d.说：“光”传播的速度要比声音快得多；”He said that light travels much faster than sound3.
42、直接引语是书信、新闻报道等相关内容时,变间接引语时,时态不变；4. 直接引语说的是一个人习惯的动作时,变间接引语时,时态不变；5. 转述正在进行的对话时,变间接引语时,时态不变；6. 直接引语有详细的表示过去的时间时,变间接引语时,时态不变；7. when 和 since 引导的时间状语从句时,变间接引语时,时态不变；否就：如主句谓语动词为过去时, 就间接引语中的动词应由现在时变为过去时一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时循序而渐进,熟读而精思；现在完成时过去完成时三、时间状语的变化now thenlast monththe month before
43、toightthat night todaythat day three days ago three days beforetomorrow the next daythis week that weeknext month the next month yesterdaythe day beforethe day after tomorrow intwo days例： She said,“I went there yesterda她y.说,“”我昨天去那儿了；”She said that she had gone there the day before她.四、人称的变化说她前一天去那儿了
44、；直接引语变为间接引语相当于把直接引语变为宾语从句；因此直接引语的人称要做相应的变化；直接引语的主语为第一人称时,变为间接引语要和主句的主语保持一样；He said:“ I will go to Beijing tomorrow. He said th”at he would go to Beijing the next day.直接引语的主语为其次人称时,要和主句的宾语保持一样；例： He said to me:“You will leave tomorrowH. next day.e to”ld me that I would leave the直接引语是第三人称为主语时,变间接引语时不变
45、；例： He said to me:“My sister will leave tomorrowH.e told m”e that his sister would leave tomorrow.He said to us:“ They want to comHee.五、其它变化tol”d us that they wanted to go.指示代词的变化 thisthatthese thoseShe said:“ I will come this morni她ng说. ,“我”今日上午来；”She said that she would go that morning.她说她那天上午去；地点状语的变化 here thereHe said,“ My sister was here three days他a说go：. “我姐姐三天前在这儿；”He said that his sister had been there three days before他. 说他姐姐三天前去那