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1、宾语从句一 定义：宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子如： He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.名二 宾语从句有三种类型 ：归师纳1由从属连词 that 引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义,连词that 常可被省略；结总例如： I hope that they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy.|Can t you see that I|m a bird.大留意：（1）当主句的谓语动词是 think,believe 等时,宾语从句尽管要表示否有肚定意义, 却不用否定形式
2、, 而将 think 等动词变为否定形式； 如：I dont think he,容will come. 我认为他不会来；容（ 2）两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时, 有时省去第一个从句的连词 that,学习但其次个从句的连词 that 一般不行以省略；如：难困He told me thatthey could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.事之2.由从属连词 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句表示 “是否（有,能,已经 , ） ”,等一般疑问句的含义；学业例如： I wonder whether if he liv
3、es here.成有3.由连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which 和连接副词 when,where,how,why更,等引导的宾语从句表示“谁,谁的,什么,哪（个,些）,何时,何地,怎样,上为什么” 等等特殊疑问句的意义； 除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外,宾语从句一层用陈述句语序；楼例如： To masked who could give the message to her mother.Do you know what he said just now. I wondered how old his brother was.三.宾语从句的时态呼应 ：“主现就从任,主过
4、就从过,客观真理一般现”1. 当主句是现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态；2. 主句是过去时,宾语从句一般只能用过去时的某种形式；当从句表达的是客观事实或一般真理时,宾语从句仍旧用现在时态；3. 情态动词 must 一般不用于过去时, 但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中；四.宾语从句的语序1 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序（主语在前,谓语在后） 如： I want to know if he can come tomorrow2 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词如： She asked me who had helped him状语从句英语中,修饰动词、形
5、容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语；状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、缘由、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方第 1 页,共 14 页式和相伴状况等, 依据状语的功能状语从句可分为： 时间状语从句、 缘由状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句；一时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子；时间状语的连接词： when（当, 时候）while（当, 时候） as（当, 时候） after名归师（在, 以后）before（在, 以前）as soon a（s 一, 就）since（自从, 到现在）纳till /until （直到 , 才）by the time（到 , 为止）照旧是连接词后加陈述语
6、序；结总1.when当, 的时候（一般情形下：主将从现）|I will become a teacher when I grow up|大2.while当, 时肚有He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.,容3.as在, 的同时；一边 , 一边,容He smiled as he stood up.学习4.after在, 之后难困He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.事之5.before在, 之前,Mr. Brown had work
7、ed in a bank for a year before he came here.学业6.as soon as一, 就, 一般情形下：主将从现 成有We began to work as soon as we got there.更,I will write to you as soon as I get home.上7.since自, 以来 到现在一层表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前 说话时间 为止的一段连续时间；主句一般用楼现在完成时,从句用一般过去时；Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three yea
8、rs ago仍. 可 以用作介词,本句从句仍可以用短语： since three years ago自8till /until直到三年前以来 表示；都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语；They walked till /until it was dark.Xiao Ming didn t leave home till / until his father came b. ack9.by the time到, 为止 所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时 By the time he gets there , his father has already
9、gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析： 1.when, while 和 as的区分When引导的从句的谓语动词可以是连续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词；并且when 有时表示“就在那时” ；例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭； 瞬时动词来了；When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我经常为他担水； （连续性的动词）We were a
10、bout to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进While引导的从句的谓语动作必需是连续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时第 2 页,共 14 页发生（或者相对应）；并且 while 有时仍可以表示对比；例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.I like playing football while you like playing basketball. 我喜爱踢足球,而你喜爱打篮球；（对比）名As表示“一边 , 一边” ,as 引导的动作是连续性的动作,一般用于主句和师
11、从句动作同时发生； as 也可以强调“一先一后；纳归例如： We always sing as we walk. 我们总是边走边唱；（ as 表示“一边, 一边” ）结总As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开头下雪了； （as强调句中|两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开头下雪的特定时间）|大as when while 都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下：肚有as,容表示“一边；一边的意思容when学习1、仍可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作之前或之后发生；难困2、whenand then; at that moment 正事之3
12、.常用于常见搭配中,while学业1、 用于时间较长时在那个时候 成有2、 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时更,有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不行以；上lt was raining hard when as I got there.一层我到那里时, 正在下大雨； 动作同时发生, when 可换为 as, 但不能换为 while ,楼由于 get 是点动词 .When I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后,她给我打了电话； 从句动作发生在主句之前,留意时态表达,只能用 when When I got to the cinema, the f
13、ilm had begun.当我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了；从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when,并要留意时态 He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他刚要离开,突然电话响了； 此时不能放在句首；主句动词一般表达“正在” “即将” .while, as 不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿；表转折,对比, when, as都不能代替
14、它 While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时,那女孩给警察打了电话；表示主句,从句的动作同时发生, while 后引导的状语从句的动词必需是连续动词不能是点动词,由于它表示较长时间Mother was worried becauselittle Alice was ill, especially as when/ while father was away.妈妈担忧,由于小爱丽丝病了, 特殊是他父亲不在家的时候； 此时 as ,when, while第 3 页,共 14 页可通用2. 由
15、 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句；till 和 until 一般情形下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until ；并且要留意的是：假如主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时, 必需用否定形式； 假如主句中的谓语动词是连续性动词时,用确定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同；例如：名归师I worked until he came back我.工作到他回来为止；纳I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开头工作；结总3. 由 since引导的时间状语从句；|since 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是连续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词；一般情|大况下,从句谓语动词
16、用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时,表述为：有肚现在完成时 +since+一般过去时；但在 It is 时间 since 从句的句型中,主句多,容用一般现在时；例如：容It is five months since our boss was in Beijing我.学习学问扩展难困1. It is since从.以来多长时间了事之It is five years since we met last time.,2. It is +before,；才； 学业It was a long time before I went to sleep again.成有It was an hour b
17、efore until the police arrived.更,二.们老板离开北京有五个月了；上缘由状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子；一层连接词：由连词 because, since, a引s 导, 也可由 for, now that 等词引导楼1.I didn t go to school yesterday because I was ill.2. Since everybody is here, let s begin ou既r m然e；e；ti；ng.3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.既然；4.I
18、 asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.用法辨析： because , since , as , fo辨r 析1） because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的缘由,回答why 提出的问题；当缘由是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as 或 since；I didn t go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2） 由 because引导的从句假如放在句末,且前面有逗号,就可以用for 来代
19、替；但假如不是说明直接缘由,而是多种情形加以推断,就只能用for；He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.三、条件状语从句连接词： if 假如, unless =if not假如不、除非 让步1. If it doesn t rain tomorrow, wegowhilliking.2. I will go to the party unless he goes there too.3. You will be late unless you leave immed
20、iately.=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.条件状语从句：主将从现 .He will not leave if it isn t fine tomorrow.第 4 页,共 14 页四、目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子；结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词 so that, so,that , in order that 引导；名归师结果状语从句连接词 so,that, such,that, so much/many,that 引导；纳1.so,that如此, 以至于
21、结总He always studied so hard that he made great progress.|2.so that以至于, 以便于|大Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. 目的肚有I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. 目 的,容3.such,that如此, 以至容It s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.学习4.in order that=so that为了难困We sh
22、all let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your事之arrangements.,5.比较： so 和 such学业其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性打算； such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,成有so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词；so 仍可与表示数量的形容词many, few,更,much, little 连用,形成固定搭配；上so nice a flowersuch a nice flower一层so many / few flowerssuch nice flowers楼so many p
23、eoplesuch a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配, a lot of虽相当于 many,但 a lot of为名词性的, 只能用 such搭配；）难点so+形容词或副词so+形+aan+单数可数名词so +many /few+复数可数名词so +much/ little+不行数名词so,that 与 such,that 皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句；The boy is so young that he can t go to school.He is such a young boy that he can t go to schoolso +adj
24、/adv.+ tha,tsuch +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果so 为副词,后接形容词,副词原型,可数名词前有many, few；不行数名词前有much, little 修饰时,应采纳句型： so many few, much, little +n.such 为形容词 , 后只能接名词；这名词既可以地可数的,也可以是不行数的；假如这名词是可数的 ,就必需在名词前加不定冠词aan. 常见的形式是 :such a beautifulgarden, suchnicepeople.五、让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词： though, although., w
25、hether,or not难点： though, although 当“虽然”讲 , 都不能和 but 连用. Although/though,but的格式是不对的 .但是他们都可以同yet still连用. 所以 thought although,第 5 页,共 14 页yetstill 的格式是正确的 .Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有 , 然而他并不欢乐 .Right : Although we have grow
26、n up, our parents treat us as children名师Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.纳归尽管我们已经长大了 ,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩 .结总although, though 辨析|although 不能作并列连词, although 不能作副词,放在词尾表示强调时要用even|大though.肚有1、Even though I didn t under a word, I kept smiling.尽管,容典型例题容1） she is youn
27、g, she knows quite a lot.学习A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless难困2ever if, even though.即使事之We ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.,3 whether,or not不管, 都学业Whether you believe it or not, it is true.有,成no matter 从句更上结构：no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词 +陈述语序 或 特殊疑问词 +后缀 ever+陈述一层语序楼No matter what happened
28、, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换： no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoever no matter when = wheneverno matter where = wherever no matter which = whicheverno matter how = however留意： no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句；（错） No matter what you say is not useful now.（对） Whatever yo
29、u say is not useful now. 你现在说什么也没用了；Whatever you say是主语从句 （错） Prisoners have to eat no matter what they re given,（对） Prisoners have to eat whatever they定语从句re given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如： I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.定语从句的连接词：1.连接代词： wh
30、o、which 、whom、whose、that 2.连接副词： when、where、why选用连接词的关键是看先行词 定语从句所修饰的名词或代词 一、连接代词的选用：1. who指人,先行词为人 ,在从句中做主语Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.第 6 页,共 14 页2. whom指人,先行词为人 ,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略；Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus.留意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替,可省略；3. which
31、指物,先行词为物 ,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略This is the pen which he bought yesterday.名师4. that指人时,相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时,相当于 which；在定语从句纳归中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略；结总The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.|Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning.|大5. whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句
32、中做定语,译成 . 的肚有He has a friend whose father is a doctor.,容指物时,常用以下结构来代替容Do you like the book whose cover is yellow. = Do you like the book the color of学习which is yellow.难困介词+连接代词引导的定语从句连接代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由事之介词+连接代词引导,The school that/which he once studied in is very famous.学业The school in which he onc
33、e studied is very famous.成有留意： 1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如：look for, look after, take care更,of 等上This is the watch which/that I am looking for. T一层This is the watch for which I am looking. F楼2. 如介词放在连接代词前,连接代词指人时用whom,不行用 who 或者 that；指物时用 which,不能用 that；连接代词是全部格时用 whoseThe man with whom you talked is my f
34、riend.The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. T3. “介词+连接代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students
35、in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities 二、连接副词的选用：1. when 指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语I still remember the day when I first came to the school.2. where 指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born.3. why 指缘由,在定语从句中做缘由状语Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.留意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系
36、代词”引导的从句替换The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.三、判定关系代词和关系副词的方法 : 精确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分 主、第 7 页,共 14 页谓、宾、定、
37、状 例 1. Is this the museumyou visited a few days ago.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例 2. Is this the museumthe exhibition was held.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one名师关系词的挑选依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选纳归择关系代词 who, whom, that, which, whose；结总先行词在从句中做状语时, 应挑选关系副词 where 地点状语,when 时间状语,|why 缘由状语
38、|大四、介词 +连接词用法说明肚有1）介词后面的关系词不能省略；,容2）that 前不能有介词；容3）某些在从句中充当时间, 地点或缘由状语的 介词+关系词结构可以同关系副学习词 when ,where和 why 互换难困如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived事之two years ago.,Do you remember the day on which you joined our club.Do you remember the day学业when you jo
39、ined our club.成有This is the reason why he came late.This is the reason for which he更,came late.上五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句一层限制性定语从句举例：楼china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例：his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.要留意区分以下几个句子的不同his brother who is now a doctor always encourages
40、 him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常勉励他要考上高校；（他仍有其他的哥哥）his brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的,常勉励他要考上高校；（他只有一个哥哥） 关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句as和 which 引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处；详细情形是：1. as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子；(1) he married her, as/which was natural.(2)
41、he was honest, as/which we can see.2. as引导非限制性定语从句, 可放在主句之前, 或者主句之后, 甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后；另外, as 有“正如 ,正像”的意思as is known to all, china is a developing country.he is from the south, as we can see from his accent. john, as you know, is a famous writer.he has been to paris more than sev
42、eral times, which i dont believe.留意：当主句和从句存在规律上的因果关系时,常用which第 8 页,共 14 页tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行次受 such, the same修饰时,常用 as i have never heard such a story as he tells.he is not such a fool as he looks.this is the same book as i lost last week.留意：当先行次由 the
43、same修饰时,有时也用 that 引导定语从句, 但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding.她穿着她在 mary 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子；she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子；以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导,而且通常可以省略；the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surpris
44、ing. but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句there are very few but understand his idea. but= who dont 名师归纳总结| 大肚有容, 容学习困难事之定语从句只能用 that 的几种情形学,1当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing something 除外, few, all, none, little,业some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时有成Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said.更,All that can be done has been done.一上There is little that I can do for you.层留意：当先行词指人时,有时也可以用who楼Any man that/who has a sense of duty won t do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被