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1、精品学习资源MBA专业术语汇总AAbility-to-pay principle才能纳税原就The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage确定优势The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAggregate-demand curve总需求曲线A curvethat shows thequanti
2、ty of goodsand servicesthat households, firms, andthe government want to buy at any price levelAggregate-supply curve总供应曲线A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any levelAppreciation升值An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the am
3、ount of foreign currency it can buyAutomatic stabilizers自动稳固器Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate actionAverage fixed cost平均固定成本Fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均
4、收益Total revenue divided by the quantity soldAverage tax rate平均税率Total taxes paid divided by total incomeAverage total cost平均总成本Total cost divided by the quantity of outputAverage variable cost平均可变成本Variables costs divided by the quantity of output欢迎下载精品学习资源Accelerator加速数the effect on GDP of the incr
5、ease in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the ex
6、pansion of the economyAcquired endowments后天禀赋resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated populationAdaptive expectations适应性预期expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the futureaggregate expenditures schedule总支出曲线a curve that traces o
7、ut the relationship between expenditures-the sum of consumption,investment,governmentexpenditures,andnet exports-andthe nationalincome,ata fixed price levelantitrust laws反托拉斯法lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepracticesandencouragegreater competitionarbitrage套利the process by which assets with c
8、omparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returnsadverse selection逆向选择principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance to cover the high riskwill discourage those at less ri
9、sk from buying insurance at allasset资产any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells itassistance in kind实物救济public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cashasymmet
10、ric information信息不对称a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyerautonomous consumption自主消费that part of consumption that does not depend on income欢迎下载精品学习资源average costs平均成本the tota
11、l costs divided by the total outputaverage productivity平均产量total quantity divided by the total quantity of inputBBenefits principle受益原就Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefrom government servicesBond债券A certificate of indebtednessBudget constraint预算约束The limit on the consumpt
12、ion bundles that a consumer can affordBudget deficit预算赤字An excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余An excess of government receipts over government spendinbarriers to entry进入障碍factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patentsbasic
13、competitive model基本竞争模型themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogethertheassumptionsofself-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive marketsbequest savings motive储蓄的遗产动机people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their childrenBertrand competition伯特兰竞争an oligopolyin whi
14、cheachfirmbelievesthatits rivalsare committedto keepingtheir prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower pricesbilateral trade双边贸易trade between two parties boom富强欢迎下载精品学习资源a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily CCapital资本The equipment
15、 and structures used to produce goods and servicesCapital flight资本外流A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a countryCartel卡特尔A group of firms acting in unisonCatch-up effect追赶效应The property that countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that sta
16、rt off richCentral bank中心银行An institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economyCeteris paribus其它条件相同A Latinphrase,translatedas otherthingsbeingequal,usedas a reminderthatall variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constantCircu
17、lar-flow diagram循环流向图A visualmodelof theeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamong households and firmsClassical dichotomy古典二分法The theoretical separation of nominal and real variablesClosed economy封闭经济An economy that does not interact with other economies in the worldCoase theorem科斯定理Thepropo
18、sitionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationof resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollective bargaining集体谈判The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employmentCollusion勾结An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to pro
19、duce or prices to charge欢迎下载精品学习资源Commodity money商品货币Money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic valueCommon resources共有资源Goods that are rival but not excludableComparable worth同工同酬A doctrine according to which jobs deemed comparable should be paid the same wageComparative advantage比较优势T
20、he comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating wage differential补偿性工资差别A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争市场A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that
21、each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补品Two goodsfor whichan increasein the priceof onegoodleadsto a decreasein the demand for the other goodConstant returns to scale规模收益不变The propertythatlong-runaveragetotalcoststays thesameas the quantityof output changesConsumer price index消费物价指数A mea
22、sure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumerConsumer surplus消费者剩余A buyers willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysConsumption消费Spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housingCost成本The value of everythi
23、ng a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本 收益分析A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good欢迎下载精品学习资源Crowding-outeffect挤 出 效 应 Theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhen expansionaryfiscalpolicyraisestheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestme
24、nt spendingCurrency通货The paper bills and coins in the hands of the publicCyclical unemployment周期性失业The deviation of unemployment from its natural ratecapital gain资本增值the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is soldcapital market资本市场the market in which sa
25、vings are made available to investorscategorical assistance分类帮忙public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabledcausation因果关系relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another onece
26、ntral planning中心方案the system in which central government bureaucrats as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government bureaucrats determine what will be produced an how it will be producedcentralization集权organizational structure in which decision making is concentrated at the topcentrall
27、y planned economy中心方案经济an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the central governmentcertificate of deposit CD存单account in which money is deposited for a preset length of time, that must yield a slightly higher return to compensate for the reduced liquiditycircular f
28、low循环流程howfundsmovethroughthe capital,labor,andproductmarketsbetweenhouseholds, firms, the government, and the foreign sector欢迎下载精品学习资源classical economists古典经济学家economistsprevalentbeforetheGreatDepressionwhobelievedthatthebasic competitive model provided a good description of the economy and that if
29、 short periods of unemploymentdidoccur,marketforceswouldquicklyrestoretheeconomytofull employmentclassical unemployment古典失业unemployment that results from too-high real wages; it occurs in the supply constrainedequilibrium,sothatrightwardsshiftsinaggregatesupplyreducethelevelof unemploymentcompetitiv
30、e equilibrium price竞争性均衡价格the priceat whichthe quantitysuppliedandthe quantitydemandedare equalto each otherconsumer protection legislation消费者爱惜法laws aimed at protecting consumers, for instance by assuring that consumers have more complete information about items they are considering buyingconsumer
31、sovereignty消费者权益the principle that holds that each individual is the best judge of what makes him better offconsumption function消费函数the relationship between disposable income and consumptioncontingency clauses应变条款statements within a contract that make the level of payment or the work to be performed
32、 conditional upon various factorscorporate income tax公司所得税a tax based on the income, or profit, received by a corporationcorrelation相关relationship that results when a change in one variable is consistently associated with a change in another onecost-push inflation成本推动型通货膨胀inflation whose initial cau
33、se is a rise in production costsCournot competition古诺竞争an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to a certain level of production and that rivals will reduce their prices as needed to sell that amountcredentials competition文凭竞争欢迎下载精品学习资源the trendin whichprospectiveworker
34、sacquirehighereducationalcredentials,not so muchbecauseof anythingtheyactuallylearnin the processbut to convincepotential employersto hire themby signalingthat theywill be moreproductiveemployeesthan those with weaker credentialscredit constraint effect信贷约束效应whenpricesfall,firmsrevenuesalsofall,butt
35、he moneytheyowecreditorsremains unchanged; as a result, firms have fewer funds of their own to invest. Because of creditrationing, firms cannot make up the difference; accordingly, investment decreasescredit rationing 信贷配给credit is rationed when no lender is willing to make a loan to a borrower or t
36、he amount lenders are willing to lend to borrowers is limited, even if the borrower is willing to pay more than other borrowers of comparable risk who are getting loanscross subsidization 交叉补贴the practiceof charging higher pricesto one groupof consumers in order tosubsidize lower prices for another
37、groupDDeadweight loss 无谓缺失The reduction in total surplus that results from a taxDemand curve 需求曲线A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand deposits 活期存款Balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a checkDemand schedule 需求表A
38、tablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantity demandedDepreciation 贬值A decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buyDepression 萧条A severe recessionDiminishing marginal product边际产量递减The propertywherebythe marginalproductof an inputdec
39、linesas the quantityof the input increases欢迎下载精品学习资源The property that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesDiminishing returns收益递减The property that the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesDiscount rate贴现率The
40、 interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banksDiscouraged workers丢失信心的工人Individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a jobDiscrimination鄙视The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal cha
41、racteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济The property that long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy优势战略A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersdebt债务capital, such as bonds and bank loans, suppli
42、ed to a firm by lenders; the firm promises to repay the amount borrowed with interestdecentralization分权化organizational structure in which many individuals or subunits can make decisionsdecision tree决策树adeviceforstructureddecisionmakingthatspellsoutthechoicesandpossible consequences of alternative ac
43、tionsdeficit spending赤字支出the situation that exists when government expenditures are greater than revenuesdeflation通货紧缩a persistent decrease in the general level of pricesdemand-constrained equilibrium受需求约束的平稳the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level above that at which aggregate d
44、emand equals aggregate supply at the current price level欢迎下载精品学习资源demand-pull inflation需求拉动型通货膨胀inflationwhoseinitialcauseis aggregatedemandexceedingaggregatesupplyatthe current price leveldemographic effects人口效应effects that arise from changes in characteristics of the population such as age, birthr
45、ates, and locationderegulation放松管制the lifting of government regulations to allow the market to function more freelydevaluation贬值a reduction in the rate of exchange between one currency and other currencies under a fixed exchange rate systemdeveloped countries发达国家或工业化国家the wealthiest nations in the w
46、orld, including Western Europe, the United States, Canada,Japan, Australia, and New Zealanddiminishing marginal utility边际效用递减the principle that says that as an individual consumes more and more of a good, each successive unit increases her utility, or enjoyment, less and lessdividends股息that portion of corporate profits paid out to share