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1、 名词性从句是由名词性从句是由if, whether, that if, whether, that 和各种和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，在句子中疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，在句子中起名词作用起名词作用。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组词组, , 它在复合句中能担任它在复合句中能担任主语主语、宾语宾语、表语表语、同位语同位语等，因此分别称为等，因此分别称为主语从句、宾语从主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句句、表语从句和和同位语从句。同位语从句。引导名词性从句的引导名词性从句的连接词连接词可分为三类：可分为三类： 连接词：连接词：that, whether, if (
2、不充当从句的任何成不充当从句的任何成分）分）连接代词：连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.连接副词：连接副词：when, where, how, why 中世纪，普遍相信地心说中世纪，普遍相信地心说(geocentric theory)。 Geocentric theory was wildly believed in the Middle Ages. Geocentric theory: the earth is the center of our planetary system That the earth is t
3、he center of our planetary system was wildly believed in the Middle Ages. 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语itit代替，而本身放在句子末尾。代替，而本身放在句子末尾。(1)It is 名词名词 ( a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, ones duty, an honor, a shame, no easy job, a fact, a good thing, a was
4、te of time) 从句从句 (2)It is 形容词形容词 (clear, important, possible, necessary, strange, unnecessary etc.) 从句从句 It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是(3) It 不及物动词不及物动词 从句从句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎 It had been found that 已经发现已经发现 It must be pointed out th
5、at 需要指出需要指出 It has been proved that 业已证明业已证明(4) It is 过去分词过去分词 (well-known, said, reported, recorded, noted, estimated, believed 等）等） 从从句句 it it 作形式主语为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的作形式主语为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。连接词没有变化。 it it引导的强调句无论强调的是什么成分，都可引导的强调句无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词用连词thatthat。被强调部分指人可用被强调部分指人可用who who It is a pity tha
6、t you didnt go to see the film. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is John that broke the window. （1 1）if if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 If it is true remains a problem. Whether it is true remains a problem. （2 2）It is said /r
7、eportedIt is said /reported结构中的主语从句不结构中的主语从句不可提前。可提前。 It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3 3）It happens/occursIt happens/occurs结构中的主语从句结构中的主语从句不可提前。不可提前。 It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
8、 That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4 4）It doesnt matter how/whether It doesnt matter how/whether 结结构中的主语从句不可提前。构中的主语从句不可提前。 It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. a). what a). what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而分，如主语宾语表语，
9、而that that 则只是一种则只是一种“标标识识 ” ”，告知后面是一个从句。，告知后面是一个从句。 1) What you said yesterday is right. It is right what you said yesterday. (what引导主语从句表示引导主语从句表示“的东西的东西 ”时，一时，一般般 不用不用it做形式主语。）做形式主语。） 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. It is a consolation that she is still alive. b). What b). What 可以解释为
10、可以解释为the thing(s) that, the thing(s) that, 即即“的东西的东西/ /事情事情 ”，而，而thatthat没有实际的意没有实际的意思，只是一种语法作用，如：思，只是一种语法作用，如： What he lost was his newly bought pen. =The thing that he lost was his newly bought pen. 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 ( (及物动词及物动词) ) 或介或介词之后。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句
11、语序。词之后。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句语序。 I didnt expect I didnt expect your forgivenessyour forgiveness. . I didnt expect I didnt expect you forgiving meyou forgiving me. . I didnt expect I didnt expect that you could forgive methat you could forgive me. . (1) (1) 由由thatthat引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句( (that that 通常可以省略通常可以省略) )
12、 I heard that he joined the army. (2) (2) 由由what, whether (if) what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether/if you can change this note for me. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not. (3) (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would ac
13、cept my invitation. Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 以以that引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾语，引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾语，只有在只有在except, but, besides, in等介词后才可使等介词后才可使用。用。 Your thesis is quite all right except that the organization is a bit too loose. I like the city, but I like the country be
14、tter in that I have more friends in the country. I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 如如anxious, aware, certain, confident, anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappoin
15、ted, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等表示等表示情感、心理活动或确信的意义时，后面的从句情感、心理活动或确信的意义时，后面的从句被看作是宾语从句。被看作是宾语从句。 也可以将此类词后的也可以将此类词后的that that 从句看作原因状语从句看作原因状语从句。从句。 真正的宾语真正的宾语that that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在从句则放在句尾，特别是在
16、带复合宾语的句子中。带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. Im afraid that I have to make it clear that its totally up to you yourselves to decide whether you will go to the South Lake this weekend or not. 若主句谓语动词为若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, im
17、agine等，其后的等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。若谓语动词为若谓语动词为hope, 否定词否定词。I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。我想你没有生病吧。1. He said, “You are younger than I ”. 2. He says, “Tom is a good student
18、 ”. He said that I was younger than him. He says that Tom is a good student. 1. She said, “ Do you often come here to read newspaper? ”2. “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked. She asked if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper. He asked if (whether) they would go to visit the Gre
19、at Wall. 1. He asked, “Where do you live?”2. “How can we get to the post-office?” he asked. He asked where I lived. He asked how they could get to the post-office. Although Anna is happy with her success, she wonders _ will happen to her private life. A. that B. what C. it D. this 在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系
20、动在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从主语连系动词表语从句句”。引导表语从句的。引导表语从句的thatthat常可省略。另外，常常可省略。另外，常用的还有用的还有the reason is thatthe reason is that 和和It is because/whyIt is because/why 等结构。等结构。 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. whetherwhether不可以用不可以用if if代替
21、代替2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句，对抽象名词做进一步解释。的名词性从句，对抽象名词做进一步解释。ThatThat一般不能省略。一般不能省略。 There is a dange
22、r. Oxford will not retain its world position. There is a danger that Oxford will not retain its world position. 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由的具体内容，一般由thatthat引导引导 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers
23、should stay still is given by the general. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。词后面，而是被别的词隔开。 He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. (1)(1)定语从句中的定语从句中的thatthat既代替先行词，同时也在从既代替先行词，同时也在从句中句中（主语或宾语），而同位语从（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的句中的thatthat是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，用，。
24、 The idea that one does the work without thinking is wrong. The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.(2) (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述其性质或特征；同词，对先行词加以限定，描述其性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。说明。1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go a
25、broad next year.2) The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.选择性疑问从句由关联词选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或或构成构成,如：如：Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. I dont care whether you like the plan or not. 1. 1.whether whether 引导主语从句在句首的位置引导主语从句在句首的位置, ,应当用应当用whetherwhether，不用不用if if Whethe
26、r it is true remains a problem. Whether he will come, I am not sure.2. 2. 引导表语从句用引导表语从句用whetherwhether，不用不用if if The question is whether you should accept it.3. 3. whetherwhether可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if if 不能不能 Im not interested in whether theyll go or not. It depends on whether we have got en
27、ough money.4. 4. whetherwhether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if if 不能不能 I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not.5.5.引导同位语从句用引导同位语从句用whetherwhether，不用不用if if The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential.a).a). that that 可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导定语可以引导名词性从句，也可以
28、引导定语从句，而从句，而whatwhat则只能引导名词性从句，却不可则只能引导名词性从句，却不可以引导定语从句。以引导定语从句。The fact that shocked us is what Id like to tell him. b). Whatb). What引导的从句可以用作介词宾语，而引导的从句可以用作介词宾语，而thatthat引导的从句一般不可以。引导的从句一般不可以。 He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. I am curious as to what he will say. c). Whatc). What可以跟不定式，而可以跟不定式，而thatthat不可以。如：不可以。如： I dont know what to do next. d). What d). What 在名词性从句中充当成分，而在名词性从句中充当成分，而thatthat则则不。不。