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1、微观经济学名词解释精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - Chapter 1 business cycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economics 经济学 ; 经济， 国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的，罕见的resources effici
2、encyn. 功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; 物 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality n. 同等，平等; 数 相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society externality,ekst ?n? l? t? 外部性the uncompensated impact of one person s actions on
3、 the well-being of a bystander旁观者 ; 局外人 ; 看热闹的人incentive something that induces a person to act Inflation ? nfle ?(?)n an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginal changes small incremental增加的 adjustments to a plan of action market economy an economy that allocates resources th
4、rough the decentralized 权力分散 ; 人口疏散 ; 密度分散 ; decisions of 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - Chapter 2 circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户 and firms
5、macroeconomics ,m?kr?i? k?n?m?ks; -ek- the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics ,ma ? kr?i? k?n?m? ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets normativen? m?t? v标准的statements claims that at
6、tempt to prescribe定，规定 ; 指定，规定 ; 美pr? skra?b how the world should be positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is production possibilities frontier fr ?nt? ）a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of pr
7、oduction and the available production technology Chapter 3 absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer comparative advantagthe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - -
8、 - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - e exports goods produced domestically美d?mest?kl?】合乎国内的and sold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item Chapter 4 competitive market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and s
9、ellerssel? trading identical同一的，完全相同的 美a? d?nt?k?l products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements 互补品kmpl?m?nttwo goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other demand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a g
10、ood and the quantity demanded demand schedule需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Equilibrium,ikw ? l?br? m 均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded equilibrium price the
11、price that balances quantity supplied and quantity 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - 均衡价格demanded equilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price inferior good 劣质品 ?nf? r? a good for which
12、, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand law of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the
13、price of the good rises law of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance market a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service normal good 普通商品a good for which, other things equal,
14、 an increase in income leads to an increase in demand quantity demanded 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase quantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 20
15、页 - - - - - - - - - - shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other supply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quanti
16、ty supplied supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied surplus s?:pl ?s a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded Chapter 5 cross-price elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity
17、 demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good elasticity,il? st ? s?ti n.弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩a measure of the responsiveness of quantity dem
18、anded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - 性; income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers income, computed as
19、the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentag
20、e change in price price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price total revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount pai
21、d by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Chapter 6 price ceiling a legal maximumm?ks? m?m on the price at which a good can be sold 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - si ?
22、l? price floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold tax incidence? ns ?d(?)ns the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Chapter 7 consumerk?nsju ? m? surplus s? pl?s消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ma? n?s the amoun
23、t the buyer actually pays for it cost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good efficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society producer surplus
24、 the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the sellers cost of providing it welfare economics the study of how the allocation美?l?ke? n分配，配给of resources affects economic well-being willingness to pay 受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下
25、载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - Chapter 8 Dead weight loss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus过剩的 ; 多余的 ?s? :rpl?s that results from a market distortion变形; 失真d? st?r? n, such as a tax Chapter 9 tariff n.关税; 关税表 ; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically wor
26、ld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good Chapter 10 Coase theorem? ?r?m 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities 外在性 on their own corrective tax 矫正税a tax desi
27、gned to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externality externality ,ekst ?the uncompensated impact of one persons actions on the 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - n? l? t? n.外
28、形; 外在性; 外部事物 ; （经济学名词）外部效应well-being of a bystander internalizing the externality 内化altering incentives ? ns?nt? v so that people take account of the external effects of their actions transactiontr?nz? k? ?n 交易 costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on
29、 a bargain Chapter 11 club goods goods that are excludable but not rival in consumption common resources goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的 ;cost benefit analysis成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good excludabithe prope
30、rty of a good whereby a person can be prevented 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - lity ?ks,klu ? d?b? l?t? 排他性from using it free rider 释义 坐享其成，无本获利;a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it private goods go
31、ods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumption rivalry in consumption 消费竞争the property of a good whereby one persons use diminishes other peoples use Tragedy of the Commons 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why comm
32、on resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole Chapter 12 ability-to-pay principle 释义 负担能力原则， 付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - -
33、- - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - average tax rate total taxes paid divided by total income benefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services budget deficit n.预算赤字 ;a shortfall 亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from government spe
34、nding budget surplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount lump-sum tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every person marginal tax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an a
35、dditional dollar of income progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayers proportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income regressive tax 累退税a tax for which h
36、igh-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers vertical the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - equity 纵向公平should pay larger amounts Chap
37、ter 13 accounting profit total revenue minus total explicit清楚的，明确的cost average fixed cost fixed cost divided by the quantity of output average total cost total cost divided by the quantity of output average variable cost variable cost divided by the quantity of output constant returns to scale the p
38、roperty whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes diminishing marginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases diseconomies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average tot
39、al cost rises as the quantity of output increases economic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - economies of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run avera
40、ge total cost falls as the quantity of output increases efficient scale 最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost explicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm fixed costs 固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced implicit costs 隐性成
41、本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm marginal cost 边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production marginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input production function the relationship between the quantity of
42、inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good profit total revenue minus total cost total cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production total revenue (for firm) the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output variable costs 释义 变动成costs that vary with the qu
43、antity of output produced 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - 本;Chapter 14 average revenue total revenue divided by the quantity sold competitive market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buye
44、r and seller is a price taker marginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunk cost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered Chapter 15 monopolym?n?p(?)l? a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes natural monopoly n.
45、 垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms price discrimination the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - -
46、- - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - Chapter 16 monopolistic competition 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical oligopoly 求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical produ
47、cts Chapter 17 cartel 卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ju?n? s(?)ncollusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge 卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players game theory the st
48、udy of how people behave in strategic situations GDP deflatordifleita measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - ?GDP 缩减指数Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡a situation
49、 in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen oligopoly, l?g p?li 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products prisoners dilemma d? lem ?囚徒困境 ” 是1950 年美国兰德公司提出的
50、博弈论模型a particular “game ” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial Chapter 18 capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services diminishing marginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marg