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1、直接引语变间接引语一、如何变人称：口诀：一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新。“ 一随主 ” 是指在直接引语变间接引语时， 如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go shopping with me. ”She said her brother wanted to go shopping with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He sa
2、id to Kate. How is your sister now?”He asked Kate how her sister was then 。“ 第三人称不更新 ” 是指直接引语变间接引语时。 如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said, “ Jack is a good boy. ”Mr Smith said Jack was a good boy. 二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。1) 一般现在时一般过去时态；She said: “ I am a student. ” She said
3、(that) she was a student. 2)一般将来时过去将来时She said, He will go to see his friend. ”She said he would go to see his friend 。Tom said, “ I am going to play basketball tomorrow.” Tom said he was going to play basketball tomorrow. 3) 现在进行时过去进行时；She said , “ I am reading a book. ”She said she was reading a b
4、ook. 注意：以下几种情况时态不变直接引语是客观真理。The teacher said The earth moves around the sun .” The teacher said me the earth moves around the sun earth. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。Jack said. “ I was doing chores when Tom came to see me”Jack said he was doing chores when Tom came to see him. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变
5、。如：Jack said. I was born on April 2l, 1980. Jack said he was born on April 21, 1980. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, “I get up at six every morning 。”He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式不再变（例： could, should, would, might）The doctor said, “You should stay i
6、n bed for 2 days.” The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days.”和已经是过去时的形式时，例： ought to， had better, used to Peter said. You had better come here today. Peter said I had better go there that day. 三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律，时间状语由 “ 现在” 改为“ 原来”（例： now 变为 then, yesterday变为 the day before 精品资料 - -
7、 - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 28 页 - - - - - - - - - - today 变为 that day He said, ”I want to go swimming now. ” He said he wanted to go swimming then. 地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，here 变 there The teacher said ,“ You should come here at 7:00.” The teacher said I should go there
8、 at 7:00. 指示代词修饰的状语，由 “ 此” 改为“ 彼”例：this 改为 that He said, This books is mine. “He said that book was his. 四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that 引导的宾语从句。She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes. “She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句
9、 . He said, Can you swim, John?“He asked John if he could swim. Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner? ” She asked me when they had their dinner. She a
10、sked me, What was Jack doing w hen I come in?”She asked me what Jack was doing when she came in. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“Tell (ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth. ”句型 。如：1.Dont make any noise, the teacher said to the students. She told (ordered) the students not to make any noise. 2. “Open the door, pl
11、ease, said she. She asked him to open the door. 直接引语如果是以 “Lets ”开头的祈使句， 变为间接引语时， 通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句） ” 如：He said, Lets go to the movies. He suggested going to the movies. 或 He suggested that they should go to see the movies. 1. Murphy: I can sleep late everyday. He said he _sleep late everyday. 2.
12、 Mrs. Kosky: My son will go bowling. She said her son _go bowling. 3. Iris: Erika is going to the dance. She said she _ _to the dance. 4. Lissa: Im excited about going on vacation. She said she _excited about going on vacation. 5. Homeroom Teacher: You can have a party. She said we _have a party. 6.
13、 Lana said, “ I m mad at Marcia.”Lana said _ _ mad at Marcia. 7. He said to me, “ I will call you tomorrow. ”He _ me _ _ call _ the next day. 8. They said, “ We are having a meeting. ”They said _ _having a meeting. 9. She said, “ I go to school every Monday. ”She said _ _ to school every Monday. 10.
14、 My sister said to me, “ I m going to help you.”My sister _ me _ _going to help _. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 28 页 - - - - - - - - - - 反义疑问句（附加疑问句）它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句， 两部分的人称时态应保持一致。1 陈述部分肯定式疑问部分否定式2 陈述部分否定式疑问部分肯定
15、式They work hare, dont they? She was ill yesterday, wasnt she? You didn t go, did you? He cant ride a bike, can he? 请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法：1当陈述部分的主语是I , everyone, everything, nobody 时，后面的疑问句应表示为：I am a student, arent I Everyone is in the classroom, arent they? Everything begins to grow in spring, doesnt it
16、? Nobody will go, will they? 2. 当陈述部分有 never，seldom, hardly ，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时，后面的疑问句则表示为：There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? 3. 当陈述部分是 I think 加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。I think chickens can swim, cant they?
17、I think Lucy is a good girl, isnt she? I didnt think he was happy, was he? 4. 陈述部分有 had better 时，疑问句应用 hadnt 开头：youd better get up early, hadnt you? 5. 当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达：Let s go out for a walk, shall we? Let us go our for a walk, will you? Turn on the radio, will you? 6. 反义疑问句的回答用yes， no ， 但是，
18、当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如：They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？Yes, they do. 不， 他们工作努力。 /No, they dont. 对，他们工作不努力。一、反意疑问句的一般情况1 当陈述部分的主语是： 等 everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody合成代词时，附加疑问句的主语非正式文体中往往 they 用。（也可以按语法一致原则用单数。）2当陈述部分以 one 不定代词做主语时，附加问句的主语在正式常场用 one，非正式场合用he。3当陈述部分的主语是不
19、定式、动名词、从句、this或 that ，附加疑问句的主语用it 。（是 those, these则用 they ）4当陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词everything, anything, nothing等，附加问句的主语用 it。5陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词，例如：never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no, none, no one, rarely, nowhere, nothing, nobody, few, little等，附加疑问句的动词要用肯定形式。6假如陈述部分中的否定词仅带有否定的前缀或后缀，那么该陈述句应作肯定句处理，附加疑问句应用否定形
20、式。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 28 页 - - - - - - - - - - 二、常见句型的反意疑问句7 当陈述部分是 there be 存在句型时，附加疑问句的主语也用there. 8感叹句的附加疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。9祈使句后面的附加疑问句题目A) 祈使句是否定形式，附加疑问句只能用will you。B) 祈使句是肯定形式，附加疑问句用肯定、否定均可。C) Let开头的祈使句要注意：1.Let s 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内，表示提出建议或征求对方意见，其反意
21、疑问句往往用shall we 。2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内，表示请求对方允许做某事的含义， let 有 allow 的意思。附加疑问部分用will you。3. Let me 开头表示请求，附加疑问句用will you，或用 may I 。三、复合句的反意疑问句10当陈述部分是一个（带that 引导宾语从句的）主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是，当陈述部分的主语是： I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect 等结构时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓语保持一致关系。而且要注
22、意到否定的转移题目。11当陈述部分是 I m sure that, ；we are sure ；I m afraid that ；We are sure that；I feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。12当陈述部分是并列句时，附加疑问句的主谓语要和离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。四、关于情态动词的反意疑问句13陈述部分中有 have 一词，且表示“所有”含义时，附加疑问句部分既可用 have 也可用 do。14陈述部分中有 have to ，附加疑问句部分用do。15含有 ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用 shou
23、ldnt / oughtnt 主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he? 16 陈述部分有 used to ， 附加疑问句部分可用used 也可以用 did 。17陈述部分有neednt 时，附加疑问句部分用need 但有时也可用 must。18 陈述部分有 must， 且表示“必须”时，附加疑问句部分用mustnt ，假如表示“必要”则用neednt 。19 陈述部分中是 mustn t 表示 “禁止”时， 附加疑问句部分用must。陈述部分中的 must 表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时，附加疑问句部分而是根据陈述
24、部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。20陈述部分是I wish ， 表示询问或征求意见，附加疑问部分用may I 。21弄清陈述句中的 d rather = would rather ；d better = had better附加疑问句部分前者用would，后者用 had。其它特殊结构的反意疑问句22陈述部分的主语是each of.结构时，附加疑问句在夸大整体时用 they ，当作个别时用he。23陈述部分有neither.nor.(either.or.)做并列主语，附加疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 24陈述部分是：
25、I m .结构，附加疑问句一般用arent I? 25. 陈述部分有 had better v. 疑问句部分用 hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 26. 陈述部分有 would rather v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt 主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? 27. 陈述部分有 Youd like to v. 疑问部分用 wouldnt 主语。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎
26、下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 28 页 - - - - - - - - - - Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 28. 带情态动词dare 或 need 的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) 主语。We need not do it again, need we ? He dare not say so, dare you? 当 dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do 主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she? 反意疑问句练习1
27、. Youd rather watch TV this evening, _? a. isnt itb. hadn t you c. wouldnt you d. won t you 2. I suppose youre not going today, _? a. are you b. do you c. don t youd. arent you 3. I wish to shake hands with you, _? a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I 4. Three hours ought to be enough time, _? a. oug
28、htn t three hoursb. didn t theyc. shouldn t itd. shouldn t three hours 5. They have to study a lot, _? a. don t they b. haven t they c. did they d. hadn t they 6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, _ ? a. didnt he b. did he c. did it d. didnt it 7. Im sure dirty, _? a. am I b. is
29、nt Ic. arent Id. am not I 8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I dont think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, _ you? a. do b. did c. don t d. didnt 9. That s the sort of the book you want, _? a. is it d. isnt that c. is that d. isn t it 10. All these dict
30、ionaries are a great help to you, _? a. are they b. arent theyc. are all these dictionaries d. arent all these dictionaries 11.The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, _? a. was nt it b. was it c. didnt we d. weren t we 12.Tom has been writing letters all afternoon, but he should have
31、finished them by now, _? a. hasn t he b. has he c. shouldnt he d. didnt you 13.David told me that you would take a trip to America, _? a. would you b. wouldn t you c. did you d. didnt you 14.There appeared to be no better way, _? a. was there b. were there c. did there d. didnt there 15. You has som
32、e trouble finding where I live, _? a. didnt you b. hadn t you c. do I d. don t I 16.He has his hair cut every month, _? a. has he b. hasn t he c. does he d. doesn t he 17.Your friend needs to come earlier, _? a. does he b. doesn t he c. need he d. neednt he 18.The little boy dare not go to church, _
33、? a. dare he b. darent he c. does he d. doesn t he 19. Susan d have worked abroad if shed had the chance, _? a. has she b. hadn t she c. would she d. wouldn t she 20. Everyone s having a good time, _? a. is he b. isnt everyone c. does he d. arent they 21.Any one can join the club, _? a. can any one
34、b. can t any one c. can t they d. can they 22.Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, _? a. will you b. shan t you c. do you d. don t you 23.Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, _? a. doesn t she b. does she c. do you d. don t you 24. Lets listen to the radio program that th
35、e teacher mentioned, _? 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 28 页 - - - - - - - - - - a. do we b. don t we c. shall we d. shan t we 25.You think youre funny, _? a. didnt you b. are you c. don t youd. do you 26.Janet used to take part in labor in that village, _?
36、 a. used she b. did she c. didnt she d. should she 27.What beautiful weather, _? a. is it b. isnt it c. won t itd. doesn t it 28. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, _? a. should he b. shouldnt he c. would he d. wouldn t he 29. We never dared to ask him a question, _? a. did we b. didnt we c. dare
37、d we d. darent we 30. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been _? a. will he b. won t nobodyc. will they d. won t they 31.You must have made the mistake, _? a. mustn t you b. haven t you c. didnt you d. hadn t you 32.Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, _? a. isnt it b. are
38、nt they c. doesn t it d. don t they 33.Jack has coffee with breakfast, _? a. hasn t Jack b. hasn t he c. doesn t Jack d. doesn t he 34.They must have stayed at hotel last night, _? a. mustn t they b. haven t they c. didnt they d. hadn t they 35.There isnt anything wrong with the radio, _? a. is ther
39、e b. is it c. does it d. does there 36.You must be hungry, _? a. must you b. mustn t youc. are you d. arent you 37.Let s do the exercises by ourselves, _? a. shall we b. shan t we c. will you d. will we 38.Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, _? a. had she b. hadn t she c. didnt she d.
40、 didnt her daughter 39.The teacher had a talk with you, _? a. has you b. hadn t she c. did she d. didnt she 40.Something ll have to be done about the air pollution, _? a. won t itb. will it c. has it d. does it 41. Linda ate nothing this morning, _? A. didnt she B. was she C. did she D. wasnt she 42
41、. There s hardly_ milk in the bottle, _there? A. no, isnt B. some, is C. little, isnt D. any, is 43. He has never ridden a horse before, _? A. does he B. has he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he 44. He seldom came here, _? Yes sir. A. didnt he B. does he C. doesnt he D. did he 45. Everything seems all right,
42、 _ ? A. does it B. dont they C. wont it D. doesnt it 46. Nobody was absent from the meeting, _ ? A. was it B. were they C. wasnt he D. werent they 47. One can t be too modest, can _ ? A. one B. he C. it D. we 48. No one failed in the exam, _ ? A. was he B. did one C. did they D. didnt he 49. Im a li
43、ttle late for class, _ I? A. amn t B. am not C. isnt D. aint 50. Neither you nor I am a artist, _ ? A. am I B. arent we C. are we D. aint I51. He can t be her father, _ he? A. is B. isnt C. can D. cant 答案： 1C 2 A 3B 4C 5A 6 A 7C 8B 9D 10B 11A 12C 13B 14D 15A 16D 17B 18A 19D 20D 21C 22A 23B 24C 25D 2
44、6C 27B 28B 29A 30C 31B 32C 33D 34C 35A 36D 37A 38C 39D 40A 41C 42D 43B 44D 45D 46B 47A 48C 49D 50C 51A 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 28 页 - - - - - - - - - - 形容词的比较级和最高级一、比较级的定义：大多数的形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更”，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明“前者比后者更” ， 比较级前面一般用much, ev
45、en, a little修饰， 其中 even, much 只能修饰比较级。二、比较级的构成：（1）规则变化：单音节和部分双音节的形容词一般在词尾加-er Eg: calm-calmer tall-taller smart-smarter 以字母 e结尾的直接在词尾加 -r Eg: nice-nicer fine-finer large-larger 以“辅音 +y 结尾的词，变 y 为 i，再加 -er”Eg: early-earlier happy-happier busy-busier 以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词，双写辅音字母，再加-er Eg: big-bigger thin-
46、thinner hot-hotter 多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加more Eg: popular-more popular important-more important （2）不规则变化：少数形容词的比较级变化是不规则的：good-better bad/ill-worse many/much-more little-less far-farther/further old-older/elder 三、比较级的用法 : (一)当两个人或事物 （A 和 B） 进行比较时，我们需要用到形容词 （副词）的原级或者比较级1 表达“A 和 B 一样” ，用 asas的结构。公式 : A+b
47、e 动词 +as+形容词原级 +as+BA+ 实义动词 +as+副词原级 +as +B例：I am as tall as you. / He runs as fast as I. 2表达 “A 不如 B” 用 not as as 的结构。公式 : A+be 动词的否定形式+as+形容词原级 +as+BA+助词的否定形式+动词 +as+形容词原级 +as +B例： I am not as tall as you.我没有你高。He doesn t run as fast as I. 他没有我跑得快。2 表达 “A 大于 B” 用“ 比较级 +than ” 的结构。公式 : A+be 动词 +形容词
48、比较级 +than+BA+实义动词 +副词比较级 +than+B 例：I am taller than you. He runs faster than I. (二)关于形容词、副词比较级的更多用法1 比较级前面可以加上表示“ 优劣程度 ” 的词或短语，意思是 “ 更 ” ，“ 得 ” 。常见词有 much, a little, even, a lot, a great deal 等。例：He is much taller than I. I jump a little higher than he. 想一想，这些词能修饰形容词或副词的原级吗？2.比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示
49、具体 “ 大多少” ，“ 小多少” ，“ 长多少 ” ，“ 短多少 ” 等。例：I am two years olde r than he. This building is 20 meters higher than that one. 3“ 比较级 +and+比较级 ” 表示“ 越来越 ” 。It is getting warmer and warmerHe is running faster and faster 0ur country is becoming more and more beautiful4“the more ， the more ”表示 “ 越，就越 ” ，The m
50、ore，the better. 多多益善。The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make. 5“the more of the two”表示“ 两个当中较。 。的一个 ”The taller of the two boys is my brother. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 28 页 - - - - - - - - - - 四、当三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较时，我们需要用到形容词（副词）的最高级1