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1、1. Framework 2. Contents14 units, and each unit includes one text and one additional textUnits 1-7 concern macroeconomics and economic management, and Units 8-14 concern international trade and world economyUnit 1Text: Income and Work（收入和工作）Additional Text: Income Distribution and Poverty（收入分配与贫困） U
2、nit 2 Text: Population（人口）Additional Text: The Consequences of High Fertility: Some Conflicting Opinions（高出生率的影响：一些冲突的观点）Unit 3 Text: Human Resources Management（人力资源管理） Additional Text: The Extensive Brain Drain（广泛的人才流失）Unit 4Text: Environmental Protection（环境保护）Additional Text: Methods of Pollution
3、Control（污染控制的方法）Unit 5 Text: Investments（投资） Additional Text: The Major Types of Investors（投资的主要形式）Unit 6 Text: Insurance（保险）Additional Text: Types of Insurance Businesses Need（保险业务需求的类型）Unit 7 Text: Marketing（市场营销） Additional Text: Marketing Strategies（营销战略）Unit 8 Text: International Trade（国际贸易） Ad
4、ditional Text: National Competitive Advantage and Diamond Model（国家竞争优势与钻石模型）Unit 9 Text: WTO（世界贸易组织） Additional Text: GATT and Multilateral Trade Negotiations（关税及贸易总协定和多边贸易谈判） Unit 10Text: Nontariff Barriers（非关税壁垒） Additional Text: Dumping and Antidumping（倾销与反倾销） Unit 11Text: Multinational Corporati
5、ons（跨国公司） Additional Text: Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Enterprises（外国直接投资与跨国企业） Unit 12Text: Foreign Aid（外国援助）Additional Text: The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund（世界银行与国际货币基金组织） Unit 13Text: Economic Globalization（经济全球化）Additional Text: Regional Economic Integrat
6、ion（区域经济一体化）Unit 14Text: The European Union（欧洲联盟） Additional Text: The Broad Economic Guidelines of the EU（欧盟经济指南） Unit 1Text: Income and Work（收入和工作）1. Key words2. Definition of income3. Factors for occupation choice4. Composition of income5. Wage and occupation6. Wage and productivity7. Questionssk
7、illed peoplehigher paid occupationprofessional trainingpayment in kindrent-free accommodationfactor incomephysical and mental worktransfer incomeunemployment benefitsTransfer paymentownership of propertyprevious generationsspecialized skillstrade uniontertiary industrypossession of assets income siz
8、eIncome is a reward for producing goods or providing services that are wanted. It is the price of the workers services.In many occupations, the income received depends on the training, skills and experience of the individual worker, but it can also depend on the demand for the type of work and its s
9、upply.3.1 Education and training3.2 Encouragement by the government3.3 Ability3.4 Demand and supply of occupationWhile the market system operates the same way with the price of labor (income) as with the prices of commodities, it does operate in favor of those people who find it possible to acquire
10、the necessary training and skills to equip them for the better paid jobs.The market system, operating alone and working purely on the demand and supply of labor, does not provide equal opportunities for rising to higher income levels. There must be positive encouragement by the government to create
11、greater equality of opportunity because it will not be provided by anyone else.The professions require certain aptitudes and abilities which are not possessed by everyone. some professional people are more skilled at their work than others and command higher payment for their services.When entry to
12、an occupation needs special capabilities or long periods of training there is usually a scarcity of these workers, and consequently a higher income. But if the demand for this type of worker declines because of overcrowding in the profession, not all would be able to command the highest awards.4.1 F
13、actor income4.2 Transfer income4.3 Income from ownership of propertyIncome which is received in return for working is known as factor income because it is payment to an owner of a productive factor, i.e. labor. What a worker receives may be called a wage or a salary. Income from labor comes from per
14、sonal exertion, which can include both physical and mental work.Some people are unable to earn an income because of age, sickness, or some other reason, and do not possess sufficient property to receive income from it. These people need some form of income and this is paid by the government in the f
15、orm of pensions or other allowances such as unemployment benefits. This type of payment is called a transfer payment and the income is called a transfer income because it is transferred to the receiver from another section of the community, and does not involve work or the production of goods and se
16、rvices.Rent Some receive rent in return for allowing other people to use their land or to live in a house they own.Dividend Others receive interest on money lent to a company, and such income is called dividends.InterestThey may put their money into fixed bank deposits and receive interest on it bec
17、ause the bank is using their money.It is the theory of the free market that if the demand for one occupation rises while another declines, workers will move out of the latter and into the former. But in reality it does not work like that because of the need for specialized skills. Workers cannot eas
18、ily change their occupations in response to demand for a type of work or changes in wages.It is also difficult to enter some occupations because trade unions or professional associations restrict entry to safeguard the interests of the existing members.6.1 Wage rise and productivity rise6.2 Problems
19、 of measuring the productivityWage rises should be given only when there has been a rise in productivity in the industry. A wage rise naturally leads to increased costs to the employers.They can do one of two things:they can sell their goods at the same price and suffer the increased costs (wages) i
20、n producing them, thereby accepting lower profits; or they can pass on the added costs as increases in the prices of their products to the public.In the service or tertiary industries there are no actual goods produced and the value of the services is difficult to assess.The productivity of teachers
21、, doctors, lawyers, and other workers in the service industries is difficult to assess, particularly as there are great differences in the skill and work performance of people doing similar jobs.(1) Explain why some people receive higher incomes than others.(2) Why is income regarded as a price?(3)
22、What is the difference between factor income and transfer income?(4) Should productivity be related to wage levels?(5) Are there problems involved in measuring productivity? Give examples. Unit 2 Text: Population（人口）1. Key words2. Importance of the size and type of population3. Labor force4. Unemplo
23、yment and employment5. Natural increase of population6. Questionsskilled peoplehigher paid occupationprofessional trainingpayment in kindrent-free accommodationfactor incomephysical and mental worktransfer incomeunemployment benefitsTransfer paymentownership of propertyprevious generationsspecialize
24、d skillstrade uniontertiary industrypossession of assets income size2.1 As a market for goods and services2.2 The population provides the members of the workforceAll members of the population are consumers in some form or other, and the number of consumers who must share the foods and services avail
25、able has profound effects on the individuals standard of living and on the economy itself.The workforce is only a part of the total population. Combined with other resources, the workforce produces most of the goods and services required by the entire population. To a large extent, the size of the p
26、opulation affects the size of the workforce. The larger the available workforce the greater the potential for production, but it is not numbers alone which make for an efficient and effective workforce. The larger the population the greater the number of consumers, which usually means that a larger
27、workforce is needed in order to supply their needs.3.1 Definition of labor force3.2 Factors affecting labor forceLabor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn income. This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment, so it i
28、ncludes employers and the self-employed.Labor is one of the countrys resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services wanted by the community.3.2.1 Age distribution of the total population3.2.2 Number of school students3.2.3 Quality of the workforceIf the popula
29、tion has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work, then the available workforce would be lower than if there were an evenly spread age distribution. If the population grows rapidly from natural increase, i.e. the number of births greatly exceeds the number of deaths, then a
30、s the total population increases the proportion in the workforce declines.Aging population means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly, and as people retire from the workforce there are insufficient numbers of young people entering it to replace those who are leaving it. The p
31、opulation is top-heavy with older people. So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate.The greater the proportion of young people who engage themselves in full-time education, the smaller the proportion of those
32、 available for the workforce.Perhaps more important is the quality of the workforce, particularly in a society where the type of production generally requires a high level of skill and education. Because modern methods of production are complex, a country in which the workforce is ill-educated and u
33、nskilled cannot develop quickly without an intensive program of education and training.4.1 Types of unemployment4.2 Employment4.1.1 Seasonal unemployment4.1.2 Structural unemployment4.1.3 Frictional unemployment Unemployment can be due to seasonal causes.For example, sheep-shearers and fruitpickers
34、are needed at certain times of the year and not at other between jobs.Structural unemployment occurs when a certain industry or business is affected by changes in technology, competition from imports, or other factors that relate to the industry as a whole.Some people will be moving between jobs, th
35、ere will be some frictional unemployment.4.2.1 Full employment4.2.2 Level of employmentFull employment can be defined as a situation where total demand for labor is equal to the supply of labor. But even when job vacancies and unemployment are approximately equal, not everyone in the workforce is em
36、ployed because there are always some who are incapable of keeping a job.The percentage of the workforce which is employed,Depends largely on the level of demand for goods and services.5.1 Definition of natural increase of population5.2 Birth rate and death rate5.3 Rate of natural increase of populat
37、ion5.4 Factors affecting natural increase of populationNatural increase occurs when the number of births exceeds the number of deaths.The birth rate is defined as the number of births per 1,000 of the population in a year.The death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000.If we subtract the death rate
38、 from the birth rate we have the rate of natural increase of the population which is the increase in the population per 1,000 people for that year.Birth rate and death rateAge and sex composition of the population The birth rate is largely determined by the number of women of child-bearing age, whic
39、h is regarded as being approximately 15 to 45. The number of women available for bearing children depends on how many females were born in previous decades. Fertility. This term refers to the actual number of children produced, not merely the ability to have them.(1) Explain why some people receive
40、higher incomes than others.(2) Why is income regarded as a price?(3) What is the difference between factor income and transfer income?(4) Should productivity be related to wage levels?(5) Are there problems involved in measuring productivity? Give examples. Unit 3 Text: Human Resources Management（人力
41、资源管理） 1. Key words2. Motivation3. Maslows need hierarchy theory4. Equity Theory5. Reinforcement Theory6. Questionsneed hierarchyfringe benefitslower-level needshigher-level needsphysiological needssafety and securityself-preservationsocial or affiliation needsesteem needsself-confidenceself-actualiz
42、ationfrom the individuals perspectivepositive inequitynegative inequitywalking into a polepositive reinforcementnegative reinforcementundesirable behaviordisciplinary letterA basic definition of motivation might be the process that causes behavior to be energized, directed, and sustained.To explain
43、motivation, we must try to understand the “whys” of behavior. Why does an individual choose to act one way rather than another? Why does the individual stop doing something that needs to be done? In attempts to understand the “whys” of individual behavior, different types of motivational theories ha
44、ve been developed.3.1 Three basic assumptions for need levels3.2 Lower-level needs3.3 Higher-level needs3.1.1 A satisfied need does not motivate. When a need is satisfied, another need emerges to take its place, so people are always striving to satisfy some need.3.1.2 Various needs are arranged in a
45、 hierarchy such that individuals attempt to satisfy some needs before moving on to others. 3.1.3 There are more ways to satisfy higher-level needs than lower-level needs.3.2.1 Physiological needs3.2.2 Safety and security needsThe physiological needs are those that sustain life itself: food, clothing
46、, and shelter. Until these basic needs are met to some degree of comfort, most of our energy will be devoted to this level. Only when the physiological needs have been sufficiently satisfied will other levels of needs become important and provide motivation.Safety and security needs essentially incl
47、udes the needs to be free from fear of physical danger and from not meeting basic physiological needs.In other words, this need level involves self-preservation.3.3.1 Social or affiliation needs3.3.2 Esteem needs3.3.3 Self-actualizationBecause people are social beings, they have a need to belong and
48、 to be accepted by various groups.The need for esteem means both selfesteem and recognition and respect from others. Satisfaction of these esteem needs produces feelings of self-confidence, prestige, power, and control.Self-actualization is the need to maximize ones potential.4.1 Concept of equity4.
49、2 A social comparison of existing conditions against some standard4.3 ValuingEquity can mean several things; we use it here as the equivalent of such words as fairness and justice. Individuals in organizations want fair treatment, not only for themselves but for others as well. This is not saying th
50、at all people should be treated equally. Pure equality would not take into account various levels of contribution to productivity and other factors that may enter into compensation decisions.The equity theory uses the relationship between two factors: inputs and outcomes. Inputs represent what an in