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1、杨绛读书苦乐赏析与英译 读书苦乐赏析与英译 “你的问题主要在于读书不多而想得太多。” “有些人之所以不断成长,就肯定是有一种坚持下去的力气。好读书,肯下功夫,不仅读,还做笔记。人要成长,必有缘由,背后的努力与积累肯定数倍于一般人。所以,关键还在于自己。” 杨绛 这是如今已年过百岁的杨绛老师送给年轻人的几句寄语。由此可见,在杨绛老师心中,读书于个人修养是多么得重要。这一点相识,在如今这个物欲横流的时代,显得尤为宝贵。杨绛老师自己也始终有着这样的信仰 “简朴的生活,名贵的灵魂是人生的至高境界”,于是也始终这样身体力行着。在她的家中,没有昂贵的摆设,只有浓浓的书卷气。她说:“我家没有书房,只有一间起
2、居室兼工作室,也充客厅,但每间屋子里都有书柜,有书桌,所以随处都是书房。”她特别满意于这样一种简朴的生活方式。 杨绛老师认为,读书有苦也有乐。至于她自身,读书主要是“乐在其中”。因为读书可以任我们拜谒敬重的学者、前人,带我们领会另一番天地,甚至引我们穿越时空,感受别样的人、事、物,从中可以开阔眼界,吸取才智,提升心智,拓展人生境界,真是一桩何乐而不为的乐事呀!不妨亲自从杨老师的文字中感受一下吧: 读书苦乐 杨绛 读书钻研学问,当然得下苦功夫。为应考试、为写论文、为求学位,也许都得苦读。陶渊明好读书。假如他生于当今之世,要去考高校,或考探讨院,或考什么托福儿,难免会有些困难吧?我只愁他政治经济学
3、不能及格呢,这还不是因为他不求甚解。 我曾挨过几下棍子,说我读书追求精神享受。我当时只好低头认罪。我也承认自己的确不是苦读。不过,乐在其中并不等于追求享受。这话可为知者言,不足为外人道也。 我觉得读书好比串门儿隐身的串门儿。要参见敬佩的老 师或拜谒出名的学者,不必事前打招呼求见,也不怕搅扰主子。翻开书面就闯进大门,翻过几页就升堂入室;而且可以常常去,时刻去,假如不得要领,还可以不辞而别,或者另找高超,和他对质。不问我们要拜见的主子住在国内国外,不问他属于现代古代,不问他什么专业,不问他讲正经大道理或闲聊说笑,都可以挨近前去听个足够。我们可以恭尊敬敬旁听孔门弟子追述夫子遗言,也不妨调皮地笑问言必
4、称亦曰仁义而已矣的孟夫子,他假如生在我们同一个时代,会不会是一位马列主义老先生呀?我们可以在苏格拉底临刑前守在他身边,听他和一伙挚友谈话;也可以对斯多葛派伊匹克悌忒斯(Epictetus)的金玉良言思索怀疑。我们可以倾听前朝列代的遗闻逸事,也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论。反正话不投机或言不中听,不妨抽身退场,甚至砰一下推上大门就是说,拍地合上书面谁也不会嗔怪。这是书以外的世界里难得的自由! 壶公悬挂的一把壶里,别有天地日月。每一本书不论小说、戏剧、传记、游记、日记,以至散文诗词,都别有天地,别有日月星辰,而且还有生存其间的人物。我们很不必巴巴地赶赴某地,花钱买门票去看些仿造
5、的赝品或活灵活现的替身,只要翻开一页书,走入真境,遇见真人,就可以亲亲切切地欣赏一番。 尽管古人把书说成浩如烟海,书的世界却真正的天际若比邻,这话绝不是唯心的比拟。世界再大也没有阻隔。佛说三千大千世界,可算大极了。书的境地呢,现在界还加上过去界,也带上将来界,实在是应有尽有,贯穿三界。而我们却可以足不出户,在这里随意阅历,随时拜师求教。谁说读书人目光短浅,不通人情,不关切世事呢!这里可得到丰富的经验,可相识各时各地、多种多样的人。常常在书里串门儿,至少可以脱去几分愚昧,多长几个心眼儿吧? 惋惜我们串门时隐而犹存的身,终归只是凡胎俗骨。我们没有如来佛的慧眼,把人世间几千年积累的才智一览无余,只好
6、时刻记住庄子生也有涯而知也无涯的名言。我们只是朝生暮死的虫豸(还不是孙大圣毫毛变成的虫儿),钻入书中世界,这边爬爬, 那边停停,有时遇到心仪的人,听到满意的话,或者对心上悬挂的问题偶有所得,就好比开了心窍,乐以忘言。这个乐和追求享受该不是一回事吧? 一、原文赏析 (一)内容解读 全文结构如下: 第一段:读书之苦; 其次段:由“读书之苦”过渡到“读书之乐”; 第三到六段:读书之乐。 这样通篇分析下来可见,虽然文章题目是“读书苦乐”,但其实文章的主旨还是落在了“读书之乐”上。作者在第一段提出了“苦读”这一概念,接着又在其次段中承认自己的确不是苦读,而是“乐在其中”,然后用第三到六段的大篇幅跟读者共
7、享读书之乐详细“乐在何处”。整篇文章向我们传达了这样一个信息:读书是一桩乐事,我们应当爱上读书,做一个欢乐的读书人。 (二)语言观赏 1、平实朴实的语言风格 杨绛老师这篇文章秉承了她一贯的写作风格,大量运用了简洁、平实的语言,有些地方甚至干脆用了口语,像是把读者当成了熟悉的挚友,许多话就口无遮拦地脱口而出了,其中可见作者性格及文风中直爽的一面。如: 第一段结尾处: 我只愁他政治经济学不能及格呢,这还不是因为他不求甚解。 第三段结尾处: 反正话不投机或言不中听,不妨抽身退场,甚至砰一下推上大门 就是说,拍地合上书面谁也不会嗔怪。 这些语言虽然看起来平淡,但平淡并不等于贫乏。因为作者在其中渗入了些
8、诙谐幽默的“佐料”,就使语言平添了几分灵动之气,让人读起来感觉宁静而不古板,活泼而不浮动1。 2、引经据典,博古通今 作者在跟读者共享读书的好处的同时,也将自己肚中积累的“墨水”尽情倒出。字里行间随处可见引经据典,可谓是顺手拈来,全不费功夫,这无疑得益于杨绛老师平日里卷不离手的老习惯,是多年积累的结果。这样说来,作者本身不就是活生生的榜样?怕是只有这样的作者写出的读书感悟才会令读者心服口服吧!那么,回头看看杨老师文中引用的典例,分别有: 陶渊明,不求甚解 孔门弟子,夫子遗言 孟夫子,亦曰仁义而已矣 马列主义 苏格拉底 斯多葛派伊匹克悌忒斯,金玉良言 佛说三千大千世界 细细看来,这些典例跨越了古
9、今、中外,囊括了文学、哲学、宗教领域,足以见得作者涉猎之广,积累之深。同时,这些典例也担当了论据的角色,大大增加了文章的劝服力。 3、论证方法的运用 本文根据文学艺术体裁划分属于散文,但其中也运用了争论文的表达方式,因此必定会用到肯定的论证方法。 比方论证 比如第三段中,将读书比作“串门儿”,向读者传达读书的乐趣。 对比论证 把读书和串门儿进行对比 相同点:都可以自由地会见,都是与人沟通的一种方式; 不同点:读书可以隐身,可以拥有书外的世界里难得的自由,由着自己的喜 好变更看法,同时它请教的可以是古今中外的老师和学者。串门儿虽说也可以随 性,自由地选择对象和时间,但终归要受到时空的限制,同时还
10、要顾及到主子的感受,应有至少的礼节。 作者读书看法的正反对比 正面:参见,拜谒,不必事前打招呼求见,也不怕搅扰主子,可以常常去,时刻去,挨近前去听个足够,恭尊敬敬旁听等等; 反面:假如不得要领,还可以不辞而别,或者另找高超,和他对质,领教“有意惊人的故作高论”,“话不投机或言不中听”等等。 由此可见,作者对读书有着独立、明确的看法。所谓“尽信书不如无书”,作者不仅提倡读书,同时也提倡理性的读书法,告知我们要擅长独立思索问题,不行迷信书本。在读书的同时要有自己的见解,要有求证、探究精神,这样才可以真正通过书本武装自己的头脑,提升自己的思索实力。 二、翻译探讨 笔者尝试将这篇文章进行了英译,下面将
11、翻译过程中的遇到的一些难点及自己的想法呈现出来。或许还有许多不成熟的地方,还望指导。 1、题目的翻译 文章题目为“读书苦乐”,乍看题目读者可能译为作者会写读书是一种苦乐参半的经验,但细读下来便会悟到,作者旨在写读书之“乐”,“乐在其中”,“乐以忘言”。参照“人生苦乐”的英文翻译,我们可能第一反应会直译为the sweets and bitters of reading, the sweet and the bitter of reading, the sweet and sour of reading 。第十八届韩素音青年翻译奖的获奖作品中,也将题目译为 the bitter-sweetne
12、of reading。也许都将“苦”和“乐”认作并列的关系。但文章内容告知我们并不是这样的,作者心中,读书的“苦”和“乐”是偏正的关系,而且偏在“乐”。假如这是一个选择题,作者也许会毅然决然地选择后者。 因此,笔者认为,此处应发挥译者的主体性,不盲目照搬字面意思,而是在深化理解文章内涵的基础上适当发挥创建力,有时可能会对原文起到锦上添花的效果。 基于以上想法,笔者确定将题目译为The Delights of Reading 。至于为什么选择delight这个词,说明如下: “乐”一词若译成英文,答案可以有许多种,如delight, pleasure, joy, fun, happine等,这些
13、词的基本意思都差不多,即a feeling of great happine,or things that make you happy or bring you enjoyment.那么究竟哪个词好呢?笔者查证一再,在牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第七版)中joy 这一词条下的【SYNONYMS】一项中发觉了这样一段说明:A delight or joy is stronger than a pleasure; a person,especially a child, can be a delight or joy, but not a pleasure; joys are often contra
14、sted with sorrows, but delights are not.所以相对来说,pleasure 是指精神或感官上的浅层愉悦,delight 和 joy 表示的愉悦程度更深。而joy又一般和sorrow相对,作者心中的读书不是“苦读”,所以不存在相对之说。再加上Sir John Lubbock 也写过相同题材的一篇散文,名为The Delights of Books,可见他也认为delight一词更为贴切地表达了读书之“乐”这一主旨。 2、原文:我曾挨过几下棍子,说我读书追求精神享受。 这句话的难点在于“棍子”一词究竟该译不该译。若要译出来,英文中好像找不到相近的对等语。网上其他
15、一些译者也努力想把“棍子”译出来,如: As the receiver of several “sticks of bad names”, I was once denounced on the accusation of “seeking spiritual comfort”. I have once been criticized for reading “to seek spiritual pleasure”, and thus suffered some stick-beating. I was given several “rods”in the past because I was
16、 denounced for reading for “spiritual pleasure”.笔者认为作者在这里是运用了隐喻手法,用“挨棍子”来比方“受到批判”。 但是读完这几个版本的译文之后,外国读者也许会以为,在中国,不苦读书像是一种罪行一样,必需受到棍刑?肯定会哭笑不得吧? 所以经过一番思索之后,确定采纳意译法,避开“棍子”一词,用比较笼统的语言来翻译: I was once accused of reading just for pleasure, which I had to acknowledge. 但是,这样一来,原文中隐喻的文学手法就被埋没了,没能传达出原文的神韵,这在文学翻
17、译中,无疑是一种缺憾。 3、原文:这话可为知者言,不足为外人道也。 这句话出自陶渊明桃花源记,结合原文语境,这里的“知者”和“外人”应分别指的是和作者“有相同体验的人”及“没有相同体验的人”,于是可以理解为:这话只能对那些有相同体验的人说,不值得对那些没有相同体验的人说。 笔者一起先看到这句古文,想当然地根据字面意思译为 This truth could only be told to those who understand it, but not to those who dont.想必读者读了以后也不知所云吧。将这句话放到语境中,经反复琢磨,理解为上面的意思之后,翻译的难度就大大下降了,
18、于是尝试译为:This truth could only be shared with those who have similar experiences, but not with those who dont.由此可见,在翻译文章的某字、某词、某句或某个片段时,不行断章取义,只见树木,不见森林,而要把其置于整体语境当中,结合上下文来理解,这样翻译出来的文字语义才连贯,逻辑才通顺。若是连译者本身都没有搞透原文的意思,那翻译出来的作品又如何能让读者读懂呢? 4、原文:我觉得读书好比串门儿隐身的串门儿。 这句话的难点在于“隐身”二字如何译。首先要理解“隐身”在此处的真正含义。作者在此处把读书比
19、作串门儿,但是与现实生活中的串门儿不同,在这种串门儿中,你不用现身,便可以探望到敬佩的老师和出名的学者,倾听他们的思想。也就是说,这不是双方面对面地喝茶沟通这种实实在在形式的串门儿,而是双方精神、思想上的沟通,类似于我们所说的“神交”。 这样理解了之后,若还是盲目地译为invisible visits,怕是显得生硬晦涩,于是笔者尝试译为:Id like to view reading books as paying visits,in a spiritual rather than physical way. 5、原文:佛说三千大千世界 一起先看到“大千世界”时,想当然地将其等同于“宇宙”“世
20、界”等概念。后来经过查证,发觉这是佛教特地用语,那么就不能自己随意发挥来翻译,而最好是采纳固定的,约定俗成的,经大众认可的翻译版本,即 a great chiliocosm,或者 one Buddha-world. 三、翻译苦乐 经过这次翻译实践,再次深刻体会到“译事难”。在翻译过程中,经常陷入苦恼。因为要考虑的因素太多了,要考虑三大对等问题,即源语和目的语之间的语言对等、社会文化对等和文体对等,还要考虑翻译的三大标准。 文学翻译是一种特别的翻译,因为文学文本本身就是一种特别的文本。文学文本的主要目的是传达作者的情致,或探究艺术形式,而不仅在于传达信息。在翻译过程中追求语言艺术美、再现原作的艺
21、术性是文学翻译工作者的任务。(方梦之,2022:254)在文学翻译过程中,不仅要注意“义”,还要注意“音”,“形”,目的是传达情、韵、境。 我在做文学翻译的时候,有时要译出“义”已是不易,在传达语言艺术美,传达情、韵、境方面做得更是远远不够。反思缘由,还是自己平常的积累不够,因为没有输入,很难输出。应当大量阅读优秀的英语文学作品,在选词措辞时的品尝才会提升,这样在英译中国文学作品时才会更加顺手,译出的作品才会更加自然流畅,更有韵味。这样,才会从翻译中得到源源不断的欢乐。 最终将笔者译文附上,还望指正。 The Delights of Reading Yang Jiang Hard work m
22、ust be done if one tries to learn something by reading.To pa an exam, to complete a paper, or to acquire a degree probably all require such hard kind of reading.Tao Yuanming( a famous Chinese poet living in the Eastern Jin Dynasty) loves reading.But if he lived in this modern world, wouldnt it be di
23、fficult for him to pa the entrance exam for college or graduate school, or TOEFL? Im afraid he might fail political economics, for he often reads without thorough understanding. I was once accused of reading just for pleasure, which I had to acknowledge.And I admit that I do not do such hard reading
24、.However, enjoying oneself while reading is not the same as seeking pleasure from reading.This truth could only be shared with those who have similar experiences, but not with those who dont. Id like to view reading books as paying visits,in a spiritual rather than physical way.You can call on teach
25、ers you admire or scholars who are well-known without the trouble of previous informing or worries over bothering them.Once you open the book, its just like youve broken into the writers house.Having turned over a few pages, youve paed through the hall and gone into the inner chamber.Not only could
26、you go there frequently at any time, but you could also take French leave or ask about others ideas if you are unable to understand what the host is trying to talk about.Whether the host we shall visit lives in or out of our country, in modern or ancient times, majors in this or that subject, gives
27、serious speeches or casual talks, we can always go over and listen to him as we please.We can listen to the students of Confucius tell about the words he once said with our great respect.Or we might jokingly ask this question- if Mencius, who would often say “This is also what is called humanity and
28、 justice”, lived in our times, would he be a faithful Marxist-Leninist? Besides, we could stay with Socrates and listen to his talks with a group of friends before his execution.Or we may reflect on and raise our doubts about Discourses, written by Epictetus, the Stoic philosopher.Whats more, were a
29、ble to hear anecdotes handed down from the past times as well as learn about most profound and creative modern theories or those with a show of profundity.Anyway, we might just get away, as long as we cant see eye to eye with the other side, or even slam the door, that is, to snap the book shut, and
30、 no one will get mad at us, which is the kind of freedom we can rarely get in the real world. There is another totally different world hidden in the pot carried by Hu Gong (a legendary pharmacist in the Eastern Han Dynasty who is said to sell medicine in a market during the day and jump into his pot
31、 and disappear in the night).Likewise, in each book, whether a novel, drama, biography, travel book, diary, or a prose, poem, there is another different world, in which we can see different scenes and characters who live there.Therefore, we dont have to specially go somewhere and buy tickets to see
32、some counterfeits and “vivid” actors.As long as you open a book, you can walk into the real scene, and run into the real person, and watch the whole picture yourself. Although the ancient Chinese scholars depicted the world of books as vast as the ocean, we can actually get easy acce to anywhere in
33、this world as if we were in one small community, which is definitely not an absurd parallel.However vast the world is, we could always get in touch with each other.While “a great chiliocosm”, which the Buddha believes the whole world is, can be deemed the biggest, the world of books, which is a kale
34、idoscopic collection of past, present, and future, can be seen even bigger than that.However, in such a big world, we can go anywhere, see anything, and learn from anyone at anytime without having to travel.Those who regard scholars as shortsighted, unemotional and indifferent are absolutely wrong.A
35、s we have seen, theyre able to obtain rich experiences and get to know various people from various times and places in this world of books, through which they could at least become le ignorant and more sophisticated. Our bodies, which are invisible when were paying “visits” to books but actually exi
36、sting, are simply human bodies.So we are not endowed with eyes like Buddhas, which could command the whole view of all the wisdom that human has accumulated during generations, but only have to bear in mind Chuang Tsus quote life is limited while knowledge is limitle.We are just like ephemeral insec
37、ts that sneak into the world of books, crawl or stay somewhere.If we encounter someone we admire, hear something we are pleased to hear, or get some enlightenment about questions lingering on our mind, well feel like suddenly illuminated a kind of delight that goes beyond words.Should this “delight”
38、 be the same as “seeking pleasure”? 参考文献: 1杨绛生平简介 凤凰网,2022年04月29日 2第十八届“韩素音青年翻译奖”汉译英参赛译文评析,史志康,中国翻译 , 2006 年第6期 杨绛读书苦乐赏析与英译 杨绛作品 杨绛语录 杨绛散文读书心得体会 杨绛钱钟书牛津读书全文 清明英译赏析 读书苦乐课件 杨绛阅读题 杨绛主题演讲 杨绛探讨综述 本文来源:网络收集与整理,如有侵权,请联系作者删除,谢谢!第20页 共20页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页第 20 页 共 20 页