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1、- .独立主格构造独立主格构造Independent Genitive有两局部组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一局部是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两局部具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格构造在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格构造本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。详细概述非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。假设不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合构造的形式作状语。这种构造称为“独立构造。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“
2、独立主格。“独立构造在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能独立主格构造主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 假设条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因
3、There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银那么是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the be
4、st of all.) 用法独立主格构造主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given
5、 tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手穿插枕在脑后。 表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts, each
6、man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 *注：独立主格构造表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 形式1一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式 ; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词. ; 名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he did
7、nt know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glas
8、ses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个
9、回了家，一个去了书店。 名词/主格代词+形容词如： An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 名词/主格代词+副词如： He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一完毕，他们就都回家了。 名词/主格代词+介词短语如： The
10、 boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 2with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系严密 形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介词短语 3each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词 形式为:句子 + 复数名词结尾 , each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式 如: Und
11、er the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the panys basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.题源:?GMAT语法全解?白勇著，Page38 4其他形式 There being +名词代词如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declar
12、e the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being +名词代词如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 特点1独立主格构造的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3独立主格构造一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished,
13、we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试完毕了，我们开场放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you to
14、morrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议完毕后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 注：独立主格构造有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sl
15、eep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。 I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being il因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐
16、在那儿。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。 考前须知1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格构造取代状语从句，但不再保存连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开
17、了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在以下两种情况下，独立主格构造中的being或having been不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being名词的构造中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 在“名词或代词介词短语构成的独立主格构造中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered
18、 the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比拟with的复合构造。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 独立主格构造没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开场开会。(比拟动名词复合构造。) 例如请看下面一道题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess
19、 with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从外表上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以假设在 seated 前加上助动词
20、 is，那么可以选择B当然假设将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择A。所以此题最正确答案选A。 请再看一个类似的例子： (1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that (2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的
21、 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，假设选C，那么该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，该句是典型的非限制性定语从句，因为该句修饰的是前面的novels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的宾语，故此题选C。 再请看下面一例： (3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，那么不能选C。 请做做以下三题(答案均为
22、B)： (1) There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.独立主格构造 A. which B. them C. whom D. that (2) There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners. 非限制性定语从句 A. which B. whom C. who D. that (3) There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners.两个句子 A. which B. them C. whom D. that英
23、语句子构造英语句子分为简单句(simple sentence)和多重句(multiple sentence)。所谓的简单句就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓构造的句子。多重句包含两种根本情况，一种是两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系，这样的句子叫做并列句(pound sentence)；另一种是两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系，这样的句子叫做复杂句(plex sentence)。下面我们分别对这三种情况加以分析。一. 简单句: 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个根本句式。这五个根本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个根本句式生成的。这五个根本句式如
24、下：S十V主谓构造S十V十P主系表构造S十V十O主谓宾构造S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾构造S十V十O十C 主谓宾补构造说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语五个根本句式详细解释如下：1. S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi)。例如：He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has gi
25、ven out煤气用完了。My ink has run out我的钢笔水用完了。2. S十V十P句式在此句式中，V是系动词(link v)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，bee，turn等。例如： He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels
26、hard书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nice花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他静静地站看。He bees a teacher when he grew up他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country他永远不会背叛他的祖国。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式
27、，例如：He looked me up and down他上下打量我。He reached his hand to feel the elephant他伸出手来摸象。They are tasting the fish他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town他们在家乡种水稻。Hes got a chair to sit on他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English请把这个句于泽成英语。3S十V十O句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt)，因此有宾语。例如：I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电
28、影。 Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well你应该好好照看你的孩子。4S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动
29、词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me他给
30、我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me他问我个问题。注意，下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。They deprived h
31、im of his right to speak他们剥夺了他说话的权利。5S十V十O十C句式在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day他们发现那天她很快乐。I found him out我发现他出去了。I saw him in我见他在家。They saw a foot mark i
32、n the sand他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him e in and go out我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我刚刚听到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。2、并列句pound sentence英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关
33、系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。第一种包括and, not only but (also ), neither ( nor) 。第二种包括or , either or ；第三种包括but , while , whereas等。第四种只有一个for。对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题：(1)As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.(2)Not only
34、is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.(3)Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he accustomed to the weather.(4)The children can go with us, or they can stay at home.(5)You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone e
35、lse to do it.(6)The young man has often been praised, but he is never conceited.(7)While our country has plenty of oil, theirs has none.(8)They want to live in town, whereas we would rather live in the country.(9)They apparently have a good drainage system, for the streets never seem to flood after
36、a downpour.有必要说明的是以上的关联词并非只能有一个含义，比方and就可以表示意义增补、动作先后、转折或让步、条件和结果等等一些用法。这里笔者只是提醒大家区分从句，所以这方面的语言知识请参考相关的语法书。另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列构造(coordinate construction)区分开来。并列构造是由并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法构造序列，它包括并列分句，也包括并列的词或者词组。3、 附属句构成附属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(Nominal Clauses)可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语、关系分句Relative Clauses、状语分句Adverbi
37、al Clauses。对于它们的连接词，在相应的语法书上都不难找到，这里就不再多讲了。需要提醒读者的是，在判定句子的类型之后，最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成分，找到主句的谓语，真正抓住句子的纲领。下面请作练习二，首先识别多重分句的类型，然后找出主句和附属分句的谓语。Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substances they are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts
38、of observations.这里的主语是Laboratory scientists，但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语，其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing形式，-ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语。本句的谓语是are doubtless better than。4.英语的信息末端原那么的应用在英语中，信息含量大的局部往往出现在句子的末尾。这个特点一方面造就了一些非正常语序的句子，另一方面可以给我们提供线索，帮助我们正确理解英语中的长句。我们知道，一个信息发出者要表达丰富的信息，离开从句是寸步难行的。可是不管句子构造多么复杂，根本的句型还是只有五种。下面我们可以通过逐一的分析，探讨英语
39、难句形成的规律。对于SV构造，由于英语句子一般是末尾的信息含量大，所以这种句子往往难以构成阅读困难，至多是主语位置有定语从句或者同位语从句。例如：例子。SVO构造的难点在于主语和宾语都可以连接定语从句；SVC构造也难以构成较复杂的句子；SVOC构造如果出现长句，那么往往是补语被调整到宾语的前面；SVOO构造也要注意哪个是直接宾语，哪个是间接宾语。SVOC：People often let their fear of speaking up and appearing more dull-witted than their peers interfere with their understan
40、ding.Derived from theoretical considerations and confirmed by observations, the velocity-distance law has made secure the concept of an expanding universe.下面请做练习，识别主句的根本类型。1. They would find relevant the antislavery attitudes of Northerners during the colonial period, the conflict over slavery in th
41、e Constitutional Convention, the Missouri promise, the militant abolitionist movement of the 1830, and the promise of 1850. 2. The study made clear that the working class that is so over-represented in crime statistics consists of lower-class people living in the lower-class areas of large cities. 3.WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyaradefromthePeoples DailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope. word.zl.