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1、第一章专业英语翻译的语言特点第一章专业英语翻译的语言特点1. 1专业英语的词汇特点专业英语的词汇特点1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点1. 1专业英语的词汇特点专业英语的词汇特点1 .1. 1专业词汇词义专一专业词汇词义专一在普通英语翻译中,一词多义和一义多词现象非常普遍,但在普通英语翻译中,一词多义和一义多词现象非常普遍,但在专业英语翻译中对用词的要求极为严格一个概念通常有其在专业英语翻译中对用词的要求极为严格一个概念通常有其特定的表达,翻译时不能按其字面随意译出。特定的表达,翻译时不能按其字面随意译出。1. 1. 2合成术语信息量大合成术语信息量大事实上,人们不可能给每一个新出现
2、的概念都用一个新单词事实上,人们不可能给每一个新出现的概念都用一个新单词去命名,在大多数情况下,是采用原有的单词构成词组来表去命名,在大多数情况下,是采用原有的单词构成词组来表示新的概念。因此,合成法示新的概念。因此,合成法(compounding)正发挥着它正发挥着它在构词中的主导作用。在构词中的主导作用。下一页返回1. 1专业英语的词汇特点专业英语的词汇特点一般认为,合成法主要用以构成复合名词。复合名词是由两一般认为,合成法主要用以构成复合名词。复合名词是由两个或多个名词,有时还可以加上必要的形容词、分词等构成。个或多个名词,有时还可以加上必要的形容词、分词等构成。复合名词具有构词能力强,
3、语言简练,信息量大,语义单一,复合名词具有构词能力强,语言简练,信息量大,语义单一,能客观、准确地传递信息等特点。能客观、准确地传递信息等特点。1 .1. 3缩略词使用广泛缩略词使用广泛大量使用缩略词是专业英语文章的特点之一,缩略词一般是大量使用缩略词是专业英语文章的特点之一,缩略词一般是专用词汇术语、物理量等单位的缩写或一些政府机构、学术专用词汇术语、物理量等单位的缩写或一些政府机构、学术团体、科技期刊和文献等的简称。团体、科技期刊和文献等的简称。上一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点1 .2. 1长句较多长句较多.多由复合句构成多由复合句构成道桥英语属于科技文体,长句占有很
4、大比例,长句翻译要依道桥英语属于科技文体,长句占有很大比例,长句翻译要依据原文的句子结构,分清层次及逻辑关系,再按照汉语特点据原文的句子结构,分清层次及逻辑关系,再按照汉语特点译出原文。长句翻译法通常有顺译法、倒译法和分译法等。译出原文。长句翻译法通常有顺译法、倒译法和分译法等。1.顺译法顺译法如果英语中的从句很长,但表达顺序和汉语大体相同,这时如果英语中的从句很长,但表达顺序和汉语大体相同,这时可采取顺译法,即可采取顺译法,即:基本按照英语的语序,把长句拆分成汉语基本按照英语的语序,把长句拆分成汉语中的短句。中的短句。上一页 下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点2.倒译法倒
5、译法如果英语的表达不符合汉语的表达方式,比如英语句子一般如果英语的表达不符合汉语的表达方式,比如英语句子一般先讲主句,然后再使用从句或分句补充细节先讲主句,然后再使用从句或分句补充细节;或者先交代结果,或者先交代结果,再讲明原因,那么译成汉语时,可采用倒译法。再讲明原因,那么译成汉语时,可采用倒译法。 3.分译法分译法 有些英语长句,含有较长的定语从句、同位语从句以及较有些英语长句,含有较长的定语从句、同位语从句以及较长的短语修饰语,在排列次序及表达方式上与汉语差别很大,长的短语修饰语,在排列次序及表达方式上与汉语差别很大,这时可以考虑打乱原文的结构,将修饰语句单独译为一句或这时可以考虑打乱原
6、文的结构,将修饰语句单独译为一句或几句,并通过恰当的概括性词语把它们同主语连接起来,也几句,并通过恰当的概括性词语把它们同主语连接起来,也就是运用了翻译过程中的就是运用了翻译过程中的“得其意而忘其形得其意而忘其形”的手法,使句的手法,使句子的眉日更加清晰,更符合汉语的表达习惯。子的眉日更加清晰,更符合汉语的表达习惯。下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点1 .2. 2被动语态频繁使用被动语态频繁使用.多译成主动形式多译成主动形式1.译成汉语的主动句,原句中的主语仍作主语译成汉语的主动句,原句中的主语仍作主语当原文中的主语为无生命的名词,且句中没有由当原文中的主语为无生命的名词,
7、且句中没有由by引导的行引导的行为主体时,原句中的主语仍作主语。为主体时,原句中的主语仍作主语。2.译成汉语的主动句译成汉语的主动句.原句中的主语在译文中作宾语原句中的主语在译文中作宾语 将英语句中介词将英语句中介词by后面的宾语,即动作的发出者译成汉后面的宾语,即动作的发出者译成汉语的主语,原句的主语译成宾语放在动词语的主语,原句的主语译成宾语放在动词“使使”、“让让”等等之后。之后。上一页 下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点3.译成汉语的主动句,加入具有广泛意义的词作主语译成汉语的主动句,加入具有广泛意义的词作主语 某些带宾语或宾补的动词用于被动语态,翻译时,需要在某些
8、带宾语或宾补的动词用于被动语态,翻译时,需要在其前加上其前加上“人们、大家、有人人们、大家、有人”等具有广泛意义的词作主语,等具有广泛意义的词作主语,原来的主语译成宾语。原来的主语译成宾语。4.译成汉语的被动句,强调被动动作的句子译成汉语的被动句,强调被动动作的句子强调被动的动作应由汉语的完全被动语态去翻译即由强调被动的动作应由汉语的完全被动语态去翻译即由“被被”和与和与“被被”意义相同的意义相同的“用用”、“中中”、“由由”、“把把”等等被动助词来表达。被动助词来表达。上一页 下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点1.2.3定语从句逻辑关系较复杂定语从句逻辑关系较复杂.汉译时
9、多调整语序汉译时多调整语序1.前置法前置法对于较短而具有描述性的定语从句,可将其译成对于较短而具有描述性的定语从句,可将其译成“的的”字结字结构放在被修饰词前。构放在被修饰词前。例例8 The smallest stress that produces a permanent deformation is known as the elastic limit.译文译文产生永久变形的最小应力称为弹性极限。产生永久变形的最小应力称为弹性极限。上一页 下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点 2.分译法分译法 对于定语从句过长,语法关系比较复杂的句型,翻译时通对于定语从句过长,语法关系
10、比较复杂的句型,翻译时通常采用常采用“分译法分译法”,即把定语从句译成主句的并列句,放在,即把定语从句译成主句的并列句,放在主句之后。主句之后。 例例9 The first big bridge in Australia was the Hawkesbury River railway bridge,whichwas built by an American company to link Sydney with Newcastle in 1889.译文译文澳大利亚第一座大桥是连接悉尼和纽卜斯尔的霍克斯澳大利亚第一座大桥是连接悉尼和纽卜斯尔的霍克斯伯里河铁路桥,它于伯里河铁路桥,它于1889年
11、由一家美国公司承建。年由一家美国公司承建。上一页 下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点 3.融合法融合法 把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起,它需要改变句子把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起,它需要改变句子结构,用原句的主语作主语部分,原句中的定语从句作谓语结构,用原句的主语作主语部分,原句中的定语从句作谓语部分,译成一个独立的句子。部分,译成一个独立的句子。 例例10 Soft-rock tunneling has as its main characteristic the tunneling process which needsno explosives.译文译文软岩
12、隧道施工的主要特点是在施工过程中不需要使用软岩隧道施工的主要特点是在施工过程中不需要使用炸药。炸药。上一页 下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的语法特点1 .2. 4常使用常使用It结构结构.表示非人称的语气和客观态度表示非人称的语气和客观态度 1.形式主语句形式主语句 在这样的句子中,占有主语位置的词不是句子的真实主语,在这样的句子中,占有主语位置的词不是句子的真实主语,而是代替其真实主语的形式主语而是代替其真实主语的形式主语it。在翻译时,可译成无人。在翻译时,可译成无人称句、用真实主语代替形式主语句、主表倒置称句、用真实主语代替形式主语句、主表倒置(即把真实主语即把真实主语译成
13、表语,而把原句表语译成译成表语,而把原句表语译成“的是的是”判断结构作主语判断结构作主语)等方法。等方法。 例例11It is estimated that about one third of all accidents happen when it is dark,although obviously there is more traffic during daytime.(无人称句译法无人称句译法)译文译文尽管自天的交通明显繁忙,但据估计,大约有三分之尽管自天的交通明显繁忙,但据估计,大约有三分之一的事故发生在晚上一的事故发生在晚上上一页 下一页返回1. 2专业英语的语法特点专业英语的
14、语法特点2.形式宾语句形式宾语句形式宾语形式宾语it可代替句中的真实宾语,而可代替句中的真实宾语,而it后面的说明语后面的说明语(多为多为形容词形容词)在逻辑上是主表关系它的翻译方法和形式主语句基本在逻辑上是主表关系它的翻译方法和形式主语句基本相同。相同。 例例14The magnitude of such a system makes it even more imperative that sound engineering principles based on all of the best available data be used to ensure the most econo
15、mical design.(无人称句译法无人称句译法) 译文这一系列的宏大,使人们更加迫切地采用可靠的工译文这一系列的宏大,使人们更加迫切地采用可靠的工程原理程原理(建立在所有最合理数据基础之上的建立在所有最合理数据基础之上的),以保证设计最,以保证设计最经济。经济。上一页 返回第二章专业英语翻译的基本知识第二章专业英语翻译的基本知识2. 1专业英语翻译标准专业英语翻译标准2. 2专业英语翻译技巧专业英语翻译技巧2. 1专业英语翻译标准专业英语翻译标准2.1.1专业英语翻译以专业英语翻译以“信信”求实求实 翻译标准中的翻译标准中的“信信”就是必须要忠实、正确地传达原文的内就是必须要忠实、正确地
16、传达原文的内容,尤其是对专业英语的翻译尤为重要。因为专业文章的任容,尤其是对专业英语的翻译尤为重要。因为专业文章的任务在于准确而系统地论述专业技术问题。务在于准确而系统地论述专业技术问题。2. 1. 2专业英语翻译以专业英语翻译以“达达”求通求通 翻译标准中的翻译标准中的“达达”,就是要求译文要表达通畅、明了、易,就是要求译文要表达通畅、明了、易懂。具体地落实到翻译中,就是要考虑到汉语的行文习惯和懂。具体地落实到翻译中,就是要考虑到汉语的行文习惯和表达,用词避免逻辑不清、文理不通、晦涩、涩生硬、生搬表达,用词避免逻辑不清、文理不通、晦涩、涩生硬、生搬硬套,这样才能表达原作的思想。硬套,这样才能
17、表达原作的思想。返回2. 2专业英语翻译技巧专业英语翻译技巧2. 2. 1理解过程的技巧理解过程的技巧1.阅读全文阅读全文.领略大意领略大意2.解析句子结构解析句子结构.明辨逻辑关系明辨逻辑关系3.结合上下文结合上下文.判断词义判断词义2.2.2 表达过程的技巧表达过程的技巧1.准确贴切准确贴切.简洁流畅简洁流畅2.表达所运用的翻译方法表达所运用的翻译方法下一页返回2. 2专业英语翻译技巧专业英语翻译技巧2.2.3核实过程的要求核实过程的要求在核实过程中,要注意以下几个方面在核实过程中,要注意以下几个方面:(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和数字的翻译人名、地名、日期、方位和数字的翻译;(2)译文的
18、词与句有无遗漏译文的词与句有无遗漏;(3)译文中句子修饰成分的位置译文中句子修饰成分的位置;(4)有无错别字有无错别字;(5)标点符号有无错误等。标点符号有无错误等。上一页返回Part I专业英语翻译基础专业英语翻译基础第一章专业英语翻译的语言特点第一章专业英语翻译的语言特点第二章专业英语翻译的基本知识第二章专业英语翻译的基本知识Part II Introduction of Civil EngineeringUnit2-1Civil EngineeringUnit 2-2 Civil Engineering MaterialsUnit 2-3Concrete CrackingUnit2-4
19、Design Principles of Prestressed ConcreteUnit 2一一5 Contract for Civil Engineering ConstructionUnit2-1Civil Engineering Civil engineering is defined as a general discipline of science and technology to build all engineering construction and facilities. It includes all construction objects,i. e. build
20、ings,transportation facilities,infrastructures,etc.,and materials as well as profession required during the processes of design,construction,and maintenance.下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Civil engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields,extending across many technical specialties t
21、hat are not independent but interact with each other. Over the past couple of decades,the broad field of civil engineering has been specialized in a number of areas. Major specialties within civil engineering are:Structural engineering;Water resources engineeringEnvironmental engineering;上一页 下一页返回Un
22、it2-1Civil EngineeringTransportation engineering;Surveying engineering;Geotechnical engineering. Structural Engineering Structural engineering deals with the design and construction of all types of structures including buildings and bridges (Shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).The job of structural engineer
23、s is to create the new designs or to evaluate and improve the load resistance capabilities of existing structures which may have been damaged during an earthquake.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering The structural engineer must be knowledgeable about the behavior of deformable bodies,about the sources
24、,magnitudes and probability of occurrence of applied loads,about material properties,design philosophie and governmental design codes,and about computer programming and usage.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil EngineeringWater Resources Engineering Water resources engineering covers the planning,management,desig
25、n and operation of water supply and distribution systems,flood control and flood hazard mapping,hydrologic and hydraulic aspects of environmental problems. San Xia Dam is a famous water resources engineering in China. Shown in Fig. 3.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Water resources engineering usua
26、lly deals with the application of fluid mechanics principles to water flow problems,but may also include fluids ranging from blood to magma. Some problems encountered in water resources engineering include: floods,sediment transport, water supply,wave forces,hydro-machinery,and the protection or res
27、toration of surface and ground water resources. Engineers in the hydraulics/ hydrology area may spend their time with applied mathematics,laboratory experimentation,or field construction and testing.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental engineering is concerned wit
28、h air pollution,water pollution,solid waste management,radiological hazard control,pesticide hazard control and water supply. Environmental engineers design systems such as,water treatment/distribution systems and wastewater treatment facilities to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and cont
29、rol pollution in water, air, land,and ground water. Shown in Fig. 4.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Transportation Engineering Transportation engineering is concerned with the movement of people and goods by means of a system of fixed facilities and a control system that permits movement in geogra
30、phical space in an efficient and orderly manner.Transportation engineers focus on the planning,design Systems Construction and management of transportation systems. These consist of the facilities,vehicles,control mechanisms,and policies that are combined to permit the efficient conveyance of people
31、 and goods. Shown in Fig. 5-Fig. 7.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Surveying Engineering Surveying engineering is involved in the precise measurement of the earths surface to obtain reliable in formation for locating and designing engineering projects. Even before a design is completed,and as cons
32、truction progresses,teams of surveying and mapping engineers are at work Modern surveying and mapping engineer use electronic instruments and even satellites to measure the dimensions of the project. Shown in Fig. 8and 9.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical enginee
33、ring is a discipline of civil engineering that deals with soil,rock and underground water, and their relation to design,construction and operation of engineering projects.Geotechnical engineers analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior of structure,pavements and un
34、derground facilities上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering They evaluate the potential settlements of buildings,the stability of slopes And fills,the seepage of ground water and the effects of earthquakes. They take part in the design and construction of earth structures (dams,levees Etc.)foundations of
35、buildings and structures such as offshore platforms,tunnels,and dams,and developing excavation techniques and construction methods for tunnels and other works.上一页 下一页返回New Words and Expressionsdiscipline n.训练训练;纪律纪律;专业专业;学科学科 训练训练:惩罚惩罚facility n.容易,灵巧,设施容易,灵巧,设施;设备装备设备装备specializev. (使使)特殊化特殊化;专门研究,
36、专专门研究,专门从事门从事(in );特加指明,列举,逐条详述特加指明,列举,逐条详述specialtynn.特性,性质特性,性质;专门研究专门研究;专业专业;专长专长;特产特产;特点特点;细节细节;特别事项特别事项surveynn.纵览纵览;视察视察;测量测量;俯瞰俯瞰;调查调查geotechnical adj.地质的地质的;土工的土工的;岩岩土的土的;土力的土力的evaluate vt.对对估价估价.对对作评价作评价上一页 下一页返回New Words and Expressionsmagnituden.大小长大小长(度度);尺寸,幅度尺寸,幅度;巨大巨大;重要性重要性property n
37、.财产财产;所有物所有物(不可数不可数);地产,地产,房地产房地产;财产权财产权distribution n.分配,分发分配,分发;配给配给;配给物配给物;分分配装置配装置;配给方法配给方法;mappingn.绘图,测绘绘图,测绘;测图测图;定位,作定位,作图图;数映象,映射数映象,映射hydrologyn.水文学,水文地理学水文学,水文地理学magman.稠液稠液:乳浆剂乳浆剂:岩浆岩浆:浮悬液浮悬液上一页 下一页返回New Words and Expressionsradiological adj.放射线学的放射线学的;放射线的放射线的;放放射性的射性的;辐射的辐射的dimension n
38、.尺寸尺寸(长,宽,高长,宽,高),尺度,尺度,线度线度undergroundn.地下地下:地铁地铁:地道地道:秘秘密活动密活动adj.地下的地下的;秘密的秘密的adj.在地下在地下:秘密地秘密地pavementn.路面路面;人行道人行道;铺面路铺面路;铺路材铺路材料料settlement n.安顿安顿;解决,处理解决,处理;结算结算;殖民,殖民,殖民地殖民地;沉降沉降seepagen.渗出,渗出量渗出,渗出量;渗出现象渗出现象;渗滤渗滤;渗漏渗漏上一页 下一页返回New Words and Expressionslevee n.(国王或贵族起床后的国王或贵族起床后的)早朝,接见早朝,接见;大
39、堤大堤excavationn.开凿开凿;开挖开挖;挖掘挖掘;穴,洞穴,洞sediment transport沉积物运移沉积物运移:泥沙流移泥沙流移:输砂输砂:沉沉积物运输积物运输focus on集中集中(在在)上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineeringfinancial adj.财政的,金融的财政的,金融的outcome n.结果结果;成果成果;后果后果;结局结局analysis n.分解,分析分解,分析;梗概,要略纲领梗概,要略纲领;数数解析,解析学,分析学解析,解析学,分析学alternativen.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物物credit
40、n.信赖信赖:荣誉荣誉:赞扬赞扬:贷款贷款:信用证信用证implementation n.执行执行.履行履行:落实落实investor n.投资者投资者.投资方投资方creditorn.债权人债权人;贷方贷方上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineeringintangibleadj.触摸不到的触摸不到的;无形的无形的;不可不可捉摸的捉摸的;难以确定的难以确定的tolln.通行费,代价,钟声通行费,代价,钟声vt.征收征收.敲钟敲钟.鸣钟鸣钟vi.征税征税.鸣钟鸣钟deterrencen.制止制止:威慑威慑:阻止阻止aggregate vt.结合结合;集结集结;(使使)聚集聚集
41、;共计共计上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil EngineeringExercises1 .Fill in the blanks with suitable words or expressions from the list given below,changing the form when necessary.1._engineering deals with the design and construction of all types of structures.2. The broadest disciplines in engineering fields is_3.
42、Even before a design is completed,teams of_ engineers are at work.4._engineers analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior of structure.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering5._engineering is concerned with air pollution,water pollution,solid waste management,radiological
43、 hazard control,pesticide hazard control and water supply.6. The movement of people and goods are studied by_engineering.7._ engineering deals with flood control and flood hazard mapping,hydrologic and hydraulic aspects of environmental problems.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering11 .Write T in front
44、of a statement if it is true and write F if it is false according to the text.1.Structural engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields.2.Survey engineers take part in the design and construction of earth structures and foundations of buildings.3.Transportation policies can make the
45、 conveyance of people and goods more efficient.4.Environmental engineering includes all construction objects,i. e. buildings,transportation facilities,infrastructures,etc.上一页 下一页返回Unit2-1Civil EngineeringIII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. Structural engineering includes all struc
46、tures built according to scientific principles,from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.2. Civil engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields,extending across many technical specialties that are not independent but interact with each other.上一页 返回 Unit 2-2
47、Civil Engineering Materials Civil engineering materials can be natural and manmade. They contain rock, metals,timber, concrete,bitumen,soil,polymers,bricks and blocks,etc. Besides these traditional materials,new types of constructional materials are also investigated and developed and will be applie
48、d gradually.Now green civil engineering materials and The even eco-materials for civil engineering are recommended based on consideration of sustainable development. 下一页返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering MaterialsThis has the benefits of reducing energy,saving resources and protecting the environment,doi
49、ng minimum harm to human health. Timber Timber is known as one of the oldest civil engineering materials (Fig. 1).In addition to its usefulness as a structural material,timber has also fulfilled a role in temporary structures. Although timber is a kind of sustainable resource,the consumption speed o
50、f forests must be slowed down because of the relative slow ness of tree growth.上一页 下一页返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials Strength of timber is affected by factors such as density,moisturecontent and grain structure as well as by various defects. Density is almost certainly an indication of stre