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1、 Introduction to English Figures of Speech Contentsn1.喻类修辞 n2.代类修辞n3.对照并列类修辞n4.声音类修辞 1.喻类修辞n1. Similen2. Metaphorn3. Personificationn4. Transferred epithet 1. Simile(明喻)nDefinition: A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image.n(In dea
2、ling with simile, an additional point should be noted: the two things compared are in different kinds and are said to be similar in one respect only, and not in all ways.) 1) like和as型eg: 1.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.2.Use a book as a bee does flowers. 2) 虚拟句型Eg:
3、1. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez. (Earnest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls)2. -and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-backed chair. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox. 3)than 型nEg:n1.
4、 A fool can no more see his own foolishness than he can see his ears.n2. Man cannot help craving for expression any more than birds can help singing. 4) and型nEg:n1. A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.n2. Truth and roses have thorns about them. 5) 动词型nEg:n1. He compares his genius to a ligh
5、tening flash.n2. He treats his daughter as the apple in the eye.n3. Samuel Johnson regarded a dictionary as a watch. 2. Metaphor（暗喻）nDefinition: A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used one thing is applied to anther. 1)Nominal meta
6、phorqEg:q1. Time is money.q2. The news is a dagger to his heart. 2)Verbal metaphorqEg:q1.The electricity failure paralyzed the train service.q2. Her hostility melted. 3)Adjectival metaphorqEg:q1.There is no rosy prospect for him.q2. He has the microwave smile that warms another person without heat.4
7、)Idiomatic or proverbial metaphorqEg:qIt is only a castle in the air. 5) Condensed metaphorqEg:q1.a rain of kisses / a sea of flowersq2. I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! 6)Dead metaphorqEg:q1. a “bottle neck”q2. When they reached the foot of the mountain, they found a running brook. 3. Perso
8、nification(拟人)nDefinition: a figure of speech that attributes human qualities to animals, or gives life or personality to inanimate objects or abstract ideas. Personificationn1. Inanimate objects or abstractions are described as humannEg: Australia is so kind, just tickle her with a hoe, and she lau
9、ghs with a harvest. Personificationn2. Inanimate objects or abstractions are addressed directly as human beings.nEg:qOh, Mr. Moon, where do you go? To look at the lands of ice and snow. Oh, Mr. Moon, when do you sleep? All day, till stars begin to peep. nDefinition: a figure of speech in which the e
10、pithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really blong.4. Transferred epithet（移就） transferred epithet 的两种格式：1)修饰语+名词 eg: tragic wall; sleepless night She has expensive tastes in clothes.2)名词+of+名词 eg:The Grape of Wrath; 2.代类修辞n1.Metonomyn2. Synecdochen3.
11、Antonomasian4. Hyperbolen5. Allusionn6. Understatement 1.Metonomy（转喻）nDefinition:a figure of speech in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associated with or suggested by it Metonymy nEg: the White House the crown 1.He succeeded by the sweat of brow.n2.He is too fond of t
12、he bottle.n3.The pen is mightier than sword.n4.Have you read Shakespeare?n5.The kettle is boiling. 2. Synecdoche（提喻）nDefinition: a figure of speech by which a part is for the whole, the whole for the part, species for genus, the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made, a
13、nd the individual for a class. Synecdoche:1.a part for the whole eg: 1)They were short of hands at harvest time. 2)I will count three hundred-thats five minutes- and not one of you is to move a muscle. Synecdoche:2.the whole for the part eg: 1)England won the football game. 2)Then the surgeon cut me
14、 open and take out the appendix and stitched me up again. Synecdoche:3.species for genus eg: 1)He manages to earn his bread. 2)Oh, the spring should vanish with the rose! That Youths sweet-scented manuscript should close! (Edward Fitzgerald) Synecdoche:4.genus for species eg: 1)The smiling season is
15、 coming. 2) Oh, seeing him, the miserable creature fell upon his shoulder, sobbing and crying, and pointing to the fountain, where some women were stooping over the motionless bundle and moving gently about it. (Charles Dickens: A Tales of Two Cities) Synecdoche:5.the name of material for the thing
16、made eg: 1) Do you have any coppers? 2) The prisoner was bound in irons for ten years. Synecdoche:6. the individual for a class eg: 1)This young man is very clever; he may be another Edison. 2)A Whale ship was my Yale College and my Harvard. (H. Melvill: Moby Dick) 3. Antonomasia（换喻）nDefinition: ant
17、onomasia is a substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name. AntonomasianEg:nthe Philosopher: Aristotlenthe little corporal: Napoleonnthe author of Paradise Lost: Miltonnthe Scottish play: Macbeth 4. Hyperbole（夸张）nDefinition: Hyperbole is the deliberate use of overstatement. It is the name
18、 given to a gross exaggeration of the facts. HyperboleqEg:qHer face fell a mile.qYour joke really kills me.qHis teeth are so yellow, every time he smiles in traffic all the cars slow down to see whether they should stop or not. 5. Allusion 典故n1.寓言、神话、传说、宗教故事（尤其圣经故事）nEg:n1) Unaware of the sword of De
19、mocles hanging over her, she pursued her own way.n2) What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Archiles, for capitalistic production. Allusionn2.文学作品nEg:n1)You want your pound of flesh, dont you?n2)Even before they
20、 were acquainted, he had admired him in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. Allusionn3.历史事件和历史人物nEg:n1)I never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my Waterloo.n2)Prime Minister Inira Gandhi decided to go heavy-handed from the outset- This crisis
21、 would never grow into an Indian Watergate. litotes(简介肯定)nDefinition: a figure of speech in which something is expressed by a negation of the contrary.nEg: “no small” for “many” “not a few regrets” for “many regrets” “not bad” for “good” “no small dimension” for “great task” understatement(低调陈述)1.反说
22、代替正说（同litotes）2.使用分量不足或低调的词语 Eg: 1)“Money,” she says, “is kind of tight. But I can manage.” 2)Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse.(Johnathan Swift)3.弦外之音 Eg: -Do you think all the programs are good? -Some of the programs are intere
23、sting. But others could be better. 汉语中的夸张（缩小）n说其清朝的学术来，有及位学者总是眉飞色舞的，说那发达是前代所未有的。-我每遇到学者谈起清代的学术来，总不免同时想： “扬州十日”，“嘉定三屠”这些小事情，不提也罢，但失去全国的土地，大家十足做了二百五十年奴隶，却换来得这几页光荣的学术史，这买卖，究竟是赚了咧，还是折了本呢？ 鲁迅：算账 3.并列对照类修辞n1. Parallelismn2. Antithesisn3.Paradoxn4.Oxymoron 1. Parallelism（排比）n1) 词的平行结构nEg:n 1. Bob is a hard
24、 hitter, a sure fielder and swift runner.n2. Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye. Parallelismn2)短语的平行结构nEg:n1.It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.n2. It is not wealth one ask
25、s for, but just enough to preserve ones dignity, to work unhampered, to be generous, frank, and independent. Parallelismn3. 从句平行结构nEg:nThe notice which you have been pleased to take of my labor, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; til
26、l I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. Parallelismn3. 句子平行结构nEg:nKind hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits. 2. Antithesis（对照）features: contrasting ideas and parallel arrangements of words, clau
27、ses and sentences AntithesisEg: 1.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. 2.Knowledge makes humble, and ignorance makes proud. Antithesis3. And so, my fellow American, ask not what your country can do for you, ask wh
28、at you can do for your country. 4.A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich. 3.Paradox（矛盾）nDefinition: a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or pract
29、ice, but which on further thinking and study, may prove to be true, well-found, and even to contain a succinct point. ParadoxnEg:n1)make a way out of no wayn2)War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. (George Orwell:1984) 3)The child is father of the man. 4.Oxymoron (矛盾修饰)nDefinition:
30、 A figure of speech which combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect. Oxymoronn1.adj.+n.nEg: painful pleasuren tearful joyn careful carelessnessn a thunderous silence Oxymoronn2. adj.+adj.nEg: cruel sweet loven bitter-sweet memoryn bad good news Oxymoron
31、n3.adv.+adj.nEg: falsely truen a mercifully fatal blown politely wrong Oxymoronn4. n.+n.nEg: love-hate relationshipn life-death battle Oxymoronn5.other formsnEg: changlessly changingn hasten slowlyn misers generosity 4.声音类修辞n1. Alliterationn2. Onomatopoeia 1. Alliteration（头韵）Definition: the use of w
32、ords beginning with the same letter or sound. AlliterationEg: 1.Spare the rod, and spoil the child. 2.Money makes the mare go. 3.Pride and Prejudice; Sense and Sensibility 2. Onomatopoeia （拟声）nDefinition: a rhetorical device that relies on sound for effect. The word employed imitates the sound made
33、by a person, an animal, an object or an action or movement. Onomatopoeian“bleat” “yap” “meow” are imitative of the cries of goats, dogs and cats. “bang” “boom” “clatter” made by doors, guns and hoofs.qHow the pretty ladies talk Tittle tattle, tittle tattle! Like their patters when they walk Pittle P
34、attle, pittle pattle. (by Erasmus Darwin) 5.双关类修辞n1. Ironyn2. Sarcasm Irony(反语)nDefinition: Irony is “the dry mock”, a device of speaking or writing in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm. Irony(反语)n1.Slowly the o
35、ld lady stooped to pick it up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.n2.He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure hed water it. Sarcasm(讽刺)nSarcasm is the use of a scornful, taunting, contemptuous ex
36、pression to ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is the use of remarks which clearly mean the opposite of what they say, and which are made in order to hurt someones feelings or to criticize something in an amusing way. nSarcasm is from the Greek meaning “to tear flesh”, “to s
37、peak bitterly”. It may or may not be coupled with irony. Ironic sarcasm is often apparent praise that really condemns. Sarcasm(讽刺)n1. In a group they are brave.n2.The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his reading in a bathroom.n3. I hear he makes rather long speeches. Yes, he likes to h
38、ear his own voice. 6.仿拟类修辞nParody Parody (仿拟)nDefinition: Literary or musical composition imitating the characteristic style of some other work of a writer or composer, but treating a serious subject in a nonsensical manner, as in ridicule. Parody (仿拟)n1.更换词语nA friend in need is a friend to be avoid
39、ed. A friend in need is a friend indeed.nA word in time saves nine. A stitch in time saves nine.nHome is where the computer is. Home is where the heart is.nA womans place is in the House. A womans place is in the house. Parody (仿拟)n2.改变句子的结构nHe thought of his past, its cold splendor and insouciance.
40、 But he knew that for him there was no turning. His boats were burnt.n“Bennies their son,” said Henry.n“Like son, like father, I imagine,” said Bonnefois. Parody (仿拟)n3.模仿全篇nTwinkle, twinkle, little bat!nHow I wonder what youre at!nUpon above the world you fly!nLike a tea tray in the sky! 7.颠倒类修辞nCh
41、iasmus Chiasmusn字母回文： 1)Madam, Im Adam. Sir, Im Iris. 2)Able was I ere I saw Elba. 3)Was it a cat I saw? No, Miss, it is Simon.n单词回文： 1)So patient a doctor, to doctor a patient so. 2)You can cage a swallow, cant you? But you cant swallow a cage, can you? Chiasmus: Night, whispering to morning, said:
42、 “Have we death? Is life unlimited by prolonged persistence?” “Birds have nest, as absurdity Made new for long life,” Said morning. Morning said: “Life longs for new-made Absurdity, as nests have birds- Persistence prolonged by Unlimited life is death” ; we have said Morning to whispering Night. -Ro
43、ger Scruton 汉语回文欣赏： 题金山寺 潮随暗浪雪山倾，远浦渔舟钓明月。 桥对寺门松径小，槛当泉眼石波清。 迢迢绿树江天晓，霭霭红霞晚日晴。 遥望四边云接水，碧峰千点数鸥轻。 -苏轼 8.强调类修辞n1.Rhetorical questionn2.Anaphora Rhetorical questionnDefinition: Rhetorical question is a device used purely for emphasis in a speech, particularly in argumentation. In most cases, the speaker do
44、es not want a reply. Only in some cases the speaker asks his question and then answers it himself.Do you want to betray your best friend? (by Thomas Hardy) AnaphoranDefinition: Anaphora is the repetition of a word or word-group at the beginning of clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or verses. Skillful
45、speakers or writers employ this device to evoke feelings and emotions of their audience and readers.n Last night Japanese forces attacked HongKong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked Philippine Islands. Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Island. (by Franklin Roosevelt)