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1、What is it ? It is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women and the second highest cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Yet, when found early, it is highly curable. This type of cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow in the lining of the large intestine (colon) or rectum. Learn more
2、 about who gets colorectal cancer, how it is detected, and what the latest treatments can accomplish.How it starts ? It often begin as polyps benign growths on the surface of the colon. The two most common types of intestinal polyps are adenomas and hyperplasic polyps. They develop when there are er
3、rors in the way cells grow and repair the lining of the colon. Most polyps remain benign, but some have the potential to turn cancerous. Removing them early prevents colorectal cancer.Risk Factors You Cant Controlgenetics & lifestyle. Age most patients are older than 50 Polyps or inflammatory bowel
4、disease Family history of colorectal cancer History of ovarian or breast cancerRisk Factors You Can Control Diet high in red, processed, or heavily cooked meats Being overweight (excess fat around the waist) Exercising too little Smoking or drinking alcoholIts warning Signs There are usually no earl
5、y warning signs for colorectal cancer. For this reason its important to get screened. Detecting cancer early means its more curable. As the disease progresses, patients may notice blood in the stool, abdominal pain, a change in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea), unexplained weight loss
6、, or fatigue. By the time these symptoms appear, tumors tend to be larger and more difficult to treat.Screening Because colorectal cancer is stealthy, screenings are the key to early detection. Beginning at age 50, most people should have a colonoscopy every 10 years. This procedure uses a tiny came
7、ra to examine the entire colon and rectum. These tests not only find tumors early, but can actually prevent colorectal cancer by removing polyps (shown here).Virtual Colonoscopy There is now an alternative to colonoscopy that uses CT scan images to construct a 3-D model of your colon. Called virtual
8、 colonoscopy, the procedure can reveal polyps or other abnormalities without actually inserting a camera inside your body. The main disadvantage is that if polyps are found, a real colonoscopy will still be needed to remove and evaluate them.X-Rays of the Colon (Lower GI) X-Rays of the colon - using
9、 a chalky liquid known as barium as a contrast agent - allow your doctor a glimpse at the interior of the colon and rectum, offering another way to detect polyps, tumors, and changes in the intestinal tissue. Shown here is an apple core tumor constricting the colon. Like the virtual colonoscopy, any
10、 abnormalities that appear on the X-rays will need to be followed up with a conventional colonoscopy.Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer If testing reveals a possible tumor, the next step is a biopsy. During a colonoscopy, your doctor will remove polyps and take tissue samples from any parts of the colon t
11、hat look unusual. This tissue is examined under a microscope to determine whether or not it is cancerous. Shown here is a color-enhanced, magnified view of colon cancer cells.Staging Colorectal Cancer If cancer is detected, it will be staged, a process of finding out how far the cancer has spread. T
12、umor size may not correlate with the stage of cancer. Staging also enables your doctor to determine what type of treatment you will receive. I Cancer has not spread beyond the inside of the colon or rectum II Cancer has spread into the muscle layer of the colon or rectum III - Cancer has spread to o
13、ne or more lymph nodes in the area IV Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lung, or bones. This stage does NOT depend on how deep the tumor has penetrated or if the disease has spread to the lymph nodes near the tumor.Colorectal Cancer Survival Rates The outlook for your
14、recovery depends on the stage of your cancer, with higher stages meaning more serious cancer. The five-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients who live at least five years after being diagnosed. Stage I has a 93% five-year survival rate while stage IV has a five-year survival rate of
15、 only 8%.Colorectal Cancer Surgery In all but the last stage of colorectal cancer, the usual treatment is surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue. In the case of larger tumors, it may be necessary to take out an entire section of the colon and/or rectum. The good news is that surgery has
16、a very high cure rate in the early stages. If the cancer has spread to the liver, lungs, or other organs, surgery is not likely to offer a cure - but removing the additional tumors, when possible, may reduce symptoms.Treating Advanced Colorectal Cancer When colorectal cancer has spread to one or mor
17、e lymph nodes (stage III), it can still be cured. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation (being administered here), and chemotherapy. If the cancer comes back after initial treatment or spreads to other organs, it becomes much more difficult to cure. But radiation and chemo
18、therapy can still relieve symptoms and help patients live longer.Coping With Chemotherapy Chemotherapy has come a long way from the days of turning peoples stomachs. Newer drugs are less likely to cause this problem, and there are also medications to control nausea if it does occur. Clinical trials
19、continue to search for chemotherapy drugs that are more effective and tolerable.Radiofrequency Ablation Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses intense heat to burn away tumors. Guided by a CT scan, a doctor inserts a needle-like device that delivers heat directly to a tumor and the surrounding area. This offers an alternative for destroying tumors that cannot be surgically removed. In patients with a limited number of liver metastases that cannot be removed by surgery, chemotherapy is sometimes combined with RFA for tumor destruction.Preventing Colorectal Cancer