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1、API STANDARD 520 PART ITENTH EDITION, OCTOBER 2020Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices 泄压装置的尺寸、选择和安装Part I Sizing and Selection第1部分：尺寸和选择Foreword 前言API Standard 520, Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices, is the result of several years* work b
2、y engineers in the petroleum industry. The information in this standard is intended to supplement the information contained in Section VlllPressure Vessels5 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The recommendations presented in this publication are not intended to supersede applicable laws an
3、d regulations.API 520标准泄压装置的尺寸、选择和安装是石油行业的工程师们多年工作的成果。本标准 中的信息旨在补充ASME锅炉和压力容器规范第八卷压力容器中的信息。本出版物中提出的建 议并不打算取代适用的法律和法规。Users of this standard are reminded that no publication of this type can be complete, nor can any written document be substituted for qualified engineering analysis.提醒本标准的使用者，这种类型的出版物
4、不可能是完整的，任何书面文件也不能代替合格的工程 分析。The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this document are as follows.用来表达本文件中的规定的口头形式如下。Shall: As used in a standard, ttshal, denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard.必须：在标准中使用，“必须”表示符合标准的最低要求。Should: As used in a standard, t,should den
5、otes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the standard.宜：在标准中使用，“宜”表示建议或建议但不要求符合标准。May: As used in a standard, ,tmay denotes a course of action permissible within the limits of a standard.可以：在标准中使用，“可以”表示在标准的范围内允许的行动方案。Can: As used in a standard, 4tCan de
6、notes a statement of possibility or capability.能够：在标准中，“能够表示一种可能性或能力的陈述。The current edition of this standard, published in two parts, has been updated with respect to the practices generally used in the installation of all devices covered in the previous editions; the current edition also contains a
7、dditional information based on revisions suggested by many individuals and several organizations.本标准的当前版本分两部分发布,对以前版本中涉及的所有设备的安装中普遍使用的做法进行了 更新；当前版本还包含了基于许多个人和一些组织建议的修订的附加信息。The First Edition of this standard was initially released as a recommended practice in 1955. The Second Edition was published i
8、n two parts: Part I5 Design, in 1960 and Part II, Installation, in 1963. The Third Edition of Part I was issued in November 1967 and reaffirmed in 1973. The Fourth Edition was issued in December 1976, the Fifth Edition was issued in July 1990, the Sixth Edition was issued in March 1993, the Seventh
9、Edition was issued in January 2000, the Eighth Edition was issued in December 2008, and the Ninth Edition was issued in July 2014.该标准的第一版最初是在1955年作为推荐做法发布的。第二版分两部分出版。第1部分，设计， 1960年；第2部分，安装，1963年。第1部分的第三版于1967年11月发布，并在1973年得到重申。第四版于1976年12月发布，第五版于1990年7月发布，第六版于1993年3月发布，第七 版于2000年1月发布，第八版于2008年12月发布，
10、第九版于2014年7月发布。Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or Otherwise5 for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insurin
11、g anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.任何APl出版物中的任何内容都不应被解释为以暗示或其他方式授予制造、销售或使用专利书 所涵盖的任何方法、仪器或产品的权利。该出版物中的任何内容也不应被解释为对任何人侵犯专利证 书的责任进行保险。This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental p
12、rocess and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Instit
13、ute, 200 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.本文件是根据APl标准化程序编制的，该程序确保了开发过程中的适当通知和参与，并被指定 为APl标准。有关本出版物内容解释的问题，或有关本出版物制定程序的意见和问题，应以书面形 式提交给美国石
14、油学会标准部主任，地址为200 Massachusetts Avenue3 Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001 o如需复制或翻译此处公布的全部或部分材料，也应向该主任提出申请。Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publi
15、cation can be ascertained from the API Standards Department5 telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API5 200 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001.一般来说，APl标准至少每五年进行一次审查和修订、重申或撤消。该审查周期可一次性延长至 两年。出版物的状态可以从APl标准部了解到，电话(202)682-800
16、0。APl出版物和资料的目录由APl 每年出版，地址是 200 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001。Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department5 API3 200 Massachusetts Avenue3 Suite 1100, Washington, DC 200015 StandardSapi.o、g.欢迎提出修订建议，并应提交给APl标准部，200 Massachusetts Avenue,
17、 Suite 1100, Washington5 DC 20001, StandardSapi.org。Contents 目录1 Scope 范围12 Normative References 规范性参考资料13 Terms5 Definitions5 Acronyms, and Abbreviations 术语、定义、首字母缩写词和缩略语23.1 Terms and Definitions 术语禾口定义23.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations首字母缩写词和缩略语114 Pressure-relief Devices 泄压装置124.1 General 概述124.2 P
18、ressure-relief Valves 泄压阀124.3 Rupture Disk Devices 爆破片装置424.4 Pin-actuated Devices 针销式装置614.5 Open Flow Paths or Vents 开放式流道或通风口644.6 Other Types of Devices 其他类型的设备645 Procedures for Sizing 尺寸确定的程序645.1 Determination of Relief Requirements 确定泄放要求645.2 API Effective Area and Effective Coefficient of
19、 Discharge API有效面积和有效排泄系数.655.3 Backpressure 背压665.4 Relieving Pressure 泄放压力745.5 Development of Sizing Equations 尺寸确定公式的进展795.6 Sizing for Gas or Vapor Relief气体或蒸气泄压的尺寸确定805.7 Sizing for Steam Relief蒸汽泄放的尺寸确定985.8 Sizing for Liquid Relief: Pressure-relief Valves Requiring Capacity Certification107液
20、体泄放的尺寸确定：需要排量认证的泄压阀5.9 Sizing for Liquid Relief: Pressure-relief Valves Not RequiringCapacity Certification112液体泄放的尺寸确定：不需要排量认证的泄压阀5.10 Special Considerations for Non-Newtonian Fluids 非牛顿流体的特殊考虑1145.11 Sizing for Two-phase Liquid/Vapor Relief 两相液体/蒸气泄放的尺寸确定1145.12 Sizing for Rupture Disk Devices 爆破片
21、装置的尺寸确定1155.13 Sizing for Open Flow Paths or Vents开放式流道或通风口的尺寸确定116Annex A (informative) Rupture Disk Device Specification Sheet118附件A (资料性)爆破片设备规格表Annex B (informative) Review of Flow Equations Used in Sizing Pressure-relief Devices122 附件B (资料性)审查用于确定降压装置尺寸的流量方程Annex C (informative) Sizing for Two-
22、phase Liquid/Vapor Relief144附件C (资料性)两相液体/蒸气泄压的尺寸确定Annex D (informative) Pressure-relief Valve Specification Sheets168附件D (资料性)降压阀规格表Annex E (informative) Capacity Evaluation of Rupture Disk and Piping System 100% Vapor Flowand Constant Pipe Diameter176附件E (资料性)100%的蒸汽流量和恒定的管径的爆破片和管道系统的排量评估Annex F (
23、informative) Valve Selection Example: Restricted Lift181附件F (资料性)阀门选择示例：限制性提升Bibliography 参考文献183Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices泄压装置的尺寸、选择和安装Part ISizing and Selection第1部分：尺寸和选择1 Scope范围This standard applies to the sizing and selection of pressure-relief devices (PR
24、Ds) used in refineries, chemical facilities, and related industries for equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of 15 psig (103 kPag) or greater. The pressure-relief devices covered in this standard are intended to protect unfired pressure vessels and related equipment against
25、 overpressure from operating and fire contingencies.本标准适用于最大允许工作压力(MAWP)为15 psig(103 kPag)或更高的设备的泄压装置(PRD) 的尺寸和选择。本标准所涉及的泄压装置旨在保护未燃烧的压力容器和相关设备免受操作和火灾突发 事件的超压。This standard includes basic definitions and information about the operational characteristics and applications of various pressure-relief dev
26、ices. It also includes sizing procedures and methods based on steady-state flow of Newtonian fluids.本标准包括基本定义和有关各种泄压装置的操作特点和应用的信息。它还包括基于牛顿流体稳态 流动的尺寸确定程序和方法。Pressure-relief devices protect a vessel against overpressure only; they do not protect against structural failure when the vessel is exposed to
27、 extremely high temperatures such as during a fire. See API 521 for information about appropriate ways of reducing pressure and restricting heat input.泄压装置只保护容器不受超压影响；当容器暴露在极高的温度下(如火灾期间)，泄压装置并不保 护结构失效。有关降低压力和限制热输入的适当方法，请参见API 521。Atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks covered in API 2000 and pre
28、ssure vessels used for the transportation of products in bulk or shipping containers are not within the scope of this standard.API 2000中涉及的大气和低压储罐以及用于散装或运输容器中产品运输的压力容器不在本标准 范围内。The rules for overpressure protection of fired vessels are provided in ASME BPVC3 Section I and are not within the scope of
29、 this standard.ASME BPVC第一卷中规定了受火容器的超压保护规则，不在本标准范围内。2 Normative References规范性参考文件The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (inc
30、luding any amendments) applies.以下参考文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。对于有日期的参考文件,只适用于所引用的版本。 对于未注明日期的参考文件，适用于参考文件的最新版本(包括任何修正案)。API Standard 520, Sizing3 Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices, PartIlInstallationAPI 520标准减压装置的尺寸、选择和安装，第2部分：安装API Standard 521, Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Sys
31、temsAPI 521标准泄压和减压系统API Standard 526, Flanged Steel Pressure-relief ValvesAPl标准526,法兰式钢制减压阀API Standard 527, Seat Tightness of Pressure-relief ValvesAPI标准527,泄压阀的阀座密封性API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage TanksAPI标准2000,常压和低压储罐的排放ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)1
32、, Section I: Power BoilersASME锅炉和压力容器规范(BPVC)1,第一卷：动力锅炉1 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Two Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016, www.asme.org.美国机械工程师协会，公园大道二号，纽约，纽约IOOI6, WWW.asme.org。ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)5 Section VIII: Pressure Vessels, Division 1: Rules for Cons
33、truction of Pressure VesselsASME锅炉和压力容器规范(BPVC),第八卷：压力容器，第1分篇：压力容器的建造规则ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) Code Case 2203 2, Omission of Lifting Device Requirements for Pressure Relief Valves on Air5 Water Over 140 oF5 or Steam ServiceASME锅炉和压力容器规范(BPVC)规范案例22032,遗漏了对空气、超过140。F的水或蒸汽工 况中的泄压阀的
34、提升装置要求2 Code Cases are temporary in nature and may not be acceptable in all jurisdictions. The user should verify the current applicability of the referenced Code Cases.规范案例是临时性的，可能不是在所有的司法管辖区都能接受。用户应核实所参考的规范案例的当前适用性。ASME B31.1, Power Piping 动力管道ASME B31.3, Process Piping 工艺管道ASME PTC 25, Pressure R
35、elief Devices 泄压装置3 Terms5 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 术语、定义、首字母缩略词和缩略语3.1 Terms and Definitions 术语和定义For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. Many of the terms and definitions are taken from ASME PTC 25.在本文件中，适用以下定义。许多术语和定义取自ASMEPTC 25。3.1.1 accumulation 累积Th
36、e pressure increase over the MAWP of the vessel, expressed in pressure units or as a percentage of MAWP or design pressure. Maximum allowable accumulations are established by applicable codes for emergency operating and fire contingencies.超过容器MAWP的压力增加，以压力单位或MAWP或设计压力的百分比表示。允许的最大累 积量由适用的规范规定，用于紧急操作和
37、火灾应急。3.1.2 actual orifice area/actual discharge area 实际孔径面积/实际排放面积The cross-sectional area （based on the measured diameter） within the pressure-relief device flow path that limits the fluid flow through the pressure-relief device.泄压装置流道内限制流体流经泄压装置的截面积（基于测量的直径）。NOTE The value is normally measured and
38、 recorded as part of the certification test by an independent organization following the procedures specified in the devices code of construction.注：该值通常由独立机构按照装置的建造规范规定的程序进行测量和记录，并作为认证测试的一 部分。3.1.3 backpressure 背压The pressure that exists at the outlet of a pressure-relief device as a result of the p
39、ressure in the discharge system. Backpressure is the sum of the superimposed and built-up backpressures.由于排放系统中的压力而在泄压装置出口处存在的压力。背压是叠加的和聚的背压之和。3.1.4 balanced pressure-relief valve 平衡泄压阀A spring-loaded pressure-relief valve that incorporates a bellows or other means for minimizing the effect of backp
40、ressure on the operational characteristics of the valve.一种弹簧泄压阀，它包含一个波纹管或其他手段，以尽量减少背压对阀门操作特性的影响。3.1.5 blowdown 启闭（压差）The difference between the set pressure and the closing pressure of a pressure-relief valve, expressed as a percentage of the set pressure or in pressure units.泄压阀设定压力和关闭压力之间的差值，以设定压力
41、的百分比或压力单位表示。3.1.6 bore area/nozzle area/nozzle throat area/throat area内径面积/喷嘴面积/喷嘴喉部面积/喉部面积The minimum cross-sectional flow area of a nozzle in a pressure-relief valve.在减压阀中喷嘴的最小横截面流面积。3.1.7 built-up backpressure 积聚背压The increase in pressure at the outlet of a pressure-relief device that develops as
42、 a result of flow after the pressure-relief device opens.泄压装置的出口处因泄压装置打开后的流动而产生的压力增加。3.1.8 burst pressure 爆破压力The value of the upstream static pressure minus the value of the downstream static pressure just prior to when the disk bursts. When the downstream pressure is atmospheric, the burst pressur
43、e is the upstream static gauge pressure.上游静压的数值减去下游静压的数值，就在盘片爆破之前。当下游压力为大气压时，爆破压力为 上游静压表压力。3.1.9 burst pressure tolerance 爆破压力公差The variation around the marked burst pressure at the specified disk temperature in which arupture disk shall burst.在规定的盘片温度下，爆破片应爆裂的标记爆破压力周围的变化。3.1.10 capacity/relieving c
44、apacity 排量/泄放排量The flow rate of a fluid through a pressure-relief device or a pressure-relief system under a given set of conditions and fluid properties.在给定的条件和流体特性下，流体通过降压装置或降压系统的流速。3.1.11 certified capacity/certified relieving capacity 认证排量/认证泄放排量The capacity of a pressure-relief device determine
45、d using the certification test fluid (commonly air, steam, or water), at the certification test overpressure, with the certified coefficient of discharge, and with the actual orifice area, all in accordance with the applicable code of construction.使用认证测试流体(通常是空气、蒸汽或水)，在认证测试超压、认证排放系数和实际孔径面积的 情况下，按照适用
46、的建造规范确定的泄压装置的排量。NOTE 1 It does not include any derating factors based on the physical installation such as a rupture disk upstream of a pressure-relief valve or backpressure on a balanced bellows valve. This capacity is provided by the pressure-relief device vendor and is stamped on the pressure-rel
47、ief device nameplate.注1：它不包括任何基于物理安装的降等级因素，如泄压阀上游的爆破片或平衡波纹管阀的背压。 该排量由泄压装置供应商提供，并印在泄压装置的铭牌上。NOTE 2 The certification overpressure for ASME BPVC3 Section Vlll valves is typically the greater of 10% or 3 psi.注2： ASME BPVC第八卷阀门的认证超压通常是10%或3psi中的较大值。3.1.12 certified coefficient of discharge 认证的排放系数The pu
48、blished value for the ratio of the measured relieving capacity to the theoretical relieving capacity of an ideal nozzle, multiplied by a capacity derating factor if required by the code of construction.测量的泄放排量与理想喷嘴的理论泄放排量之比的公布值，如果建造规范有要求，则乘以排量降 级系数。NOTE This value is determined by an independent organization following the capacity certification requirements in the device,s code of construction.注：该值由一个独立的组织按照设备建造规范中的排量认证要求确定。3.1.13 chatter 颤动The opening and closing of a pressure-relief valve at a very h