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1、RTCA, Inc.1150 18th Street NW, Suite 910Washington, DC 20036USAMinimum Operational Performance StandardsforRechargeable Lithium Batteries andBattery SystemsRTCA DO-31 IADecember 19, 2017Prepared by: SC-2252017 RTCA, Inc.Copies of this document may be obtained fromRTCA, Inc.Telephone: 202-833-9339Fac
2、simile: 202-833-9434Internet: www.rtca.orgPlease visit the RTCA Online Store for document pricing and ordering information.FOREWORDThis document was prepared by Special Committee 225 (SC-225) and approved by the RTCA Program Management Committee (PMC) on December 19, 2017. It supersedes RTCA DO-31 d
3、ated March 13, 2008. It also supersedes DO-347 Certification Test Guidance for Small and Medium Sized Rechargeable Lithium Batteries and Battery Systems, dated December 18, 2013.RTCA, Incorporated is a not-for-profit corporation formed to advance the art and science of aviation and aviation electron
4、ic systems for the benefit of the public. The organization functions as a Federal advisory committee and develops consensus-based recommendations on contemporary aviation issues. RTCA,s objectives include, but are not limited to: coalescing aviation system user and provider technical requirements in
5、 a manner that helps government and industry meet their mutual objectives and responsibilities; analyzing and recommending solutions to the system technical issues that aviation faces as it continues to pursue increased safety, system capacity and efficiency; developing consensus on the application
6、of pertinent technology to fulfill user and provider requirements, including development of minimum operational pcrfonance standards for electronic systems and equipment that support aviation; and assisting in developing the appropriate technical material upon which positions for the International C
7、ivil Aviation Organization and the International Telecommunication Union and other appropriate international organizations can be based.The recommendations of RTCA are often used as the basis for government and private sector decisions as well as the foundation for many Federal Aviation Administrati
8、on Technical Standard Orders and several advisory circulars.Since RTCA is not an official agency of the United States Government, its recommendations may not be regarded as statements of official government policy unless so enunciated by the United States Government organization or agency having Sta
9、tutoiy jUrisdiction over any matters to which the recommendations relate.DISCLAIMERThis publication is based on material submitted by various participants during the SC approval process. Neither the SC nor RTCA has made any determination whether these materials could be subject to valid claims of pa
10、tent, copyright or other proprietary rights by third parties, and no representation or warranty, expressed or implied is made in this regard. Any use of or reliance on this document shall constitute an acceptance thereof tas is” and be subject to this disclaimer.This Page Intentionally Left BlankEXE
11、CUTIVE SUMMARYThis document was prepared by RTCA Special Committee SC-225. Members of this committee included representatives from battery and cell manufacturers, avionics manufacturers, aircraft manufacturers, aircraft operators, pilot and flight attendant associations, regulatory and other governm
12、ent agencies, and related industry associations.The SC-225 committee reviewed and considered regulatory requirements, multiple standards, and resources associated with rechargeable lithium batteries in developing this standard. These include FAA Special Conditions related to rechargeable lithium bat
13、teries and battery systems, RTCAD0-311, RTCA/DO-347, UL 1642, UL 2054, UN Section 38.3, and IEC 62133.This standard provides design, testing, and installation guidance for rechargeable lithium battery systems that are permanently installed on aircraft including standalone and embedded batteries. It
14、addresses all sizes of rechargeable lithium battery systems regardless of energy content (watt-hours). Batteries or battery systems that are less than two watt-hours are exempt from this standard if they have met the requirements of applicable UL or IEC standards. Otherwise, the requirements of this
15、 standard apply.Section (Introduction) identifies battery categories by energy content, venting provisions, and architecture.Section 2 (Qualification Requirements and Test Procedures) contains the requirements and test procedures that are performed on rechargeable lithium battery systems. They inclu
16、de general, performance, safety, and environmental requirements and tests.Section 3 (Installation Considerations) provides installation considerations that may impact the design of the battery system. It also provides installation considerations for the installer. Section 3 does not contain requirem
17、ents.Three appendices arc included. Appendix A provides additional safety considerations pertinent to storage, shipping, handling and disposal of rechargeable lithium batteries and battery systems. Appendix B provides optional methods of testing shelf life and float life. Appendix C provides an alte
18、rnate test method for the battery thermal runaway containment test. FAA has not acknowledged Appendix C as an acceptable means of compliance, or an alternate equivalent test for section 2.4.5.5.This Page Intentionally Left BlankTABLE OF CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION11.1 Purpose11.2 Scope11.3 System Overvie
19、w11.4 Battery Categories21.4.1 Energy Categories21.4.2 Venting Categories21.4.3 Architecture Categories21.5 Regulatory Responsibilities for Installed Equipment31.6 Test Procedures31.7 References31.8 Definition of Terms41.8.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations72 REQUIREMENTS, GUIDELINES, AND TEST PROCEDURES9
20、2.1 General Requirements92.1.1 Fire Protection92.1.2 Design Assurance92.1.3 Marking92.1.3.1 Standalone Battery Marking92.1.3.2 Embedded Battery Marking102.1.4 General Safety Requirements102.1.4.1 Battery Protective Features112.1.4.2 Battery Warning Features112.1.5 Charging and Discharging Protection
21、112.1.6 Overdischarge Protection112.1.7 Mitigation of Cell Failures122.1.8 Venting Provisions122.1.9 Shelf Life and Float Life132.1.10 Design Guidelines132.1.10.1 General Guidelines132.1.10.2 Cell Balancing142.1.10.3 Slate of Health Function152.1.10.4 State of Charge Function152.1.10.5 Built-in-Test
22、152.1.10.6 Parasitic Drain152.1.10.7 Prevention from Bus Back Charging152.1.10.8 Electrical Bonding152.1.10.9 Dissimilar Metals152.1.11 Quality152.1.11.1 Configuration Control162.1.11.2 Workmanship16iii2.1.12 Maintenance Documentation Guidance162.2 Equipment Requirements - Standard Conditions172.2.1
23、 Performance Requirements172.2.1.1 Physical Examination172.2.1.2 Acceptance Test PrOCedUre172.2.1.3 Insulation Resistance172.2.1.4 Handle Strength182.2.1.5 Rated Capacity182.2.1.6 Capacity at Low and High Temperatures182.2.1.7 Constant Voltage Discharge for High Rale Batteries182.2.1.8 Charge Accept
24、ance182.2.1.9 Charge Retention182.2.1.10 Cycling of High Rate Batteries182.2.1.11 Rapid Discharge at Short-TimeOperating High Temperature192.2.1.12 Short Circuit Protection192.2.1.13 Overdischarge Protection192.2.1.14 Overcharge Protection192.2.2 Safety Requirements192.2.2.1 Short Circuit without Pr
25、otection192.2.2.2 Overdischarge without Protection202.2.2.3 Single Cell Thermal Runaway Containment202.2.2.4 Battery Thermal Runaway Containment202.2.2.5 Explosion Containment202.2.2.6 Drop Impact Resistance202.3 Equipment Requirements - Environmental Conditions212.3.1 Environmental Performance Requ
26、irements212.3.2 Environmental Test Procedures222.4 Equipment Test Procedures222.4.1 Definitions of Terms and Conditions of Test222.4.2 Test Matrix232.4.3 Test Setup252.4.3.1 Special Electrical Grounding Provision252.4.4 Performance Tests252.4.4.1 Physical Examination (Paragraph 2.2.1.1)252.4.4.2 Acc
27、eptance Test PrOCedUre (Paragraph 2.2.1.2)252.4.4.3 Insulation Resistance Test (Paragraph 2.2.1.3)262.4.4.4 Handle Strength Test (Paragraph 2.2.1.4)262.4.4.5 Capacity Test (Paragraph 2.2.1.5)262.4.4.6 Capacity Test at Low and High Temperatures (Paragraph 2.2.1.6)272.4.4.7 Constant Voltage Discharge
28、Test for High Rate Batteries (Paragraph 2.2.1.7)272.4.4.8 Charge Acceptance Test (Paragraph 2.2.8)282.4.4.9 Charge Retention Test (Paragraph 2.2.1.9)292.4.4.10 Cycle Test for High Rate Batteries (Paragraph2.2.1.10)292.4.4.11 Rapid Discharge Test at Short-Time Operating High Temperature (Paragraph 2.
29、2.1.11)302.4.4.12 Short Circuit Test with Protection Enabled (Paragraph 2.2.1.12)312.4.4.13 Overdischarge Test (Paragraph 2.2.1.13)312.4.4.13.1 Test Methl for Standalone Batteries322.4.4.13.2 Test Method for Embedded Batteries322.4.4.14 Overcharge Test (Paragraph 2.2.1.14)332.4.5 Safety Tests342.4.5
30、.1 Short Circuit Test of a Cell (Paragraph 2.2.2.1)342.4.5.2 Short Circuit Test of a Battery without Protection (Paragraph 2.2.2.1)352.4.5.3 Overdischarge Test without Protection (Paragraph 2.2.2.2)362.4.5.3.1 Test Method for Standalone Batteries362.4.5.3.2 Test Method for Embedded Batteries372.4.5.
31、4 Single Cell Thermal Runaway Containment Test (Paragraph 2.2.2.3)382.4.5.4.1 Test Method for Single Cell Thermal Runaway via Overcharging382.4.5.4.2 Test Method for Single Cell Thermal Runaway via Overheating392.4.5.5 Battery Thermal Runaway Containment Test (Paragraph 2.2.2.4)402.4.5.5.1 Test Meth
32、od for Battery Thermal Runaway via Overcharging412.4.5.5.2 Test Method for Battery Thermal Runaway via Overheating422.4.5.6 Explosion Containment Test (Paragraph 2.2.2.5)422.4.5.7 DroP ImPaCl Test (Paragraph 2.2.2.6)433 INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS453.1 Manufacturer Considerations453.1.1 Aircraft War
33、ning System453.1.2 Aircraft Environment453.1.3 Failure Protection453.2 Installer Considerations453.2.1 Hazardous Battery Emissions453.2.2 Installation Design463.2.3 Additional Considerations for Installed Equipment463.3 Test Procedures for Installed Equipment464 MEMBERSHIP47APPENDIX A: SAFETY GUIDEL
34、INES FOR USERS OF RECHARGEABLE LITHIUMBATTERIESA-IA.lElectric Burn HazardA-IA.2Electric Shock HazardA-IA.3Thermal RunawayA-IA.4Damage to ConnectorsA-2A.5StorageA-2A.6ShippingA-2A.7DisposalA-2A.8Mixing of CellsA-2A.9Cell PolarityA-2APPENDIX B: OPTIONAL TEST METHODSB-I8.1 ShelfLifeTestB-I8.2 Float Lif
35、e TestB-IAPPENDIX C: ALTERNATE TEST METHOD FOR BATTERY THERMAL RUNAWAY CONTAINMENT TESTC-IC.lPrerequisitesC-2C.2Test MethodC-2APPENDIX D: RTCA DO-311A DISSENTING OPINION LETTERD-IAPPENDIX E: RESPONSE TO TRUE BLUE DISSENTE-ITABLE OF TABLESTable 1-1: Energy Categories2Table 2-1: Environmental Tests21T
36、able 2-2: Test Matrix23TABLE OF FIGURESFigure 2-1: Internal Test Points for Overcharge Testing34Figure 2-2: Internal Test Points for Single Cell Safety Tests39VlINTRODUCTION1.1 PurposeThis Minimum Operational Performance Standard (MOPS) is for rechargeable lithium batteries and battery systems perma
37、nently installed on aircraft. It provides design, analysis, testing, and installation guidance for rechargeable lithium batteries and battery systems. The tests defined in this document provide a standardized method for verification (i.e. pass/fa) and characterization (i.e. report results) of the sa
38、fety and performance Ofbatteries and battery systems.This standard is intended for designers and manufacturers of rechargeable lithium batteries and battery systems, aircraft manufacturers, aircraft equipment installers, and users within the aviation community. Meeting the requirements of this stand
39、ard provides a means of assuring that the batteries and battery systems will perform their intended function(s) safely under conditions encountered in aeronautical operations. To ensure safe operation on the aircraft, it is imperative that users of this standard thoroughly understand the aircraft pe
40、rformance requirements and the capabilities and limitations of the batteries and battery systems. It is the equipment installers responsibility to ensure that the batteries and battery sy stems meet the certification and installation requirements of the aircraft. Any regulatory application of this s
41、tandard is the responsibility of the applicable government agency.1.2 ScopeThis standard applies to rechargeable lithium batteries and battery systems that are permanently installed on aircraft. For the purpose of this standard, a battery or battery system is considered permanently installed equipme
42、nt when it is included as part of the type design of the aircraft (or supplemental/amended type design). This standard also applies to rechargeable lithium batteries contained within Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) that are part of the type design. This standard does not apply to primary (non- re
43、chargeable) lithium batteries.Note: Rechargeable lithium batteries within PEDs that are not part of the type design are outside the scope of this standard; these PEDs fall under the purview of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight Standards Division and are regulated by operational rules unde
44、r Title 14 of the Code OfFederal Regulations (CFR). PEDs that are not part of the type design, especially those being recharged on the flight deck, present similar hazards as permanently installed equipment.This standard does not require individual cell level testing or characterization of cell/batt
45、ery aging. Other standards such as UL, IEC, and UN may be used to perform cell level testing or to characterize aging effects of the cell/battery.1.3 System OverviewRechargeable lithium batteries and battery systems of various chemical compositions, sizes, and construction details are being widely p
46、romoted for aircraft applications. Among their desirable characteristics are high energy content per unit weight, relatively constant voltage during discharge, and long cycle life. Rechargeable lithium batteries and battery systems can provide power throughout the aircraft, including engine or Auxil
47、iary Power Unit (APU) starting, avionics, emergency, and other systems. Because of their high specific energy/power and potential thermal instability, they can present hazards if improperly designed, assembled, tested, installed, used, handled, or stored.DO-31 IA2017 RTCA, Inc.71.41.4.21.4.3Battery
48、CategoriesThe categories listed below specify batteries and battery systems by their energy content, venting provisions, and architectural design. Identifying the battery or battery system by each category determines the applicable testing procedures and evaluation criteria throughout the standard.Energy CategoriesThis