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1、Page iiiFluid MechanicsNinth EditionFrank M.WhiteUniversity of Rhode IslandHenry XueCalifornia State Polytechnic UniversityPage ivFLUID MECHANICS,NINTH EDITIONPublished by McGraw Hill LLC,1325 Avenue of the Americas,New York,NY 10121.Copyright2021 by McGraw Hill LLC.All rights reserved.Printed in th
2、e United States of America.Previouseditions 2016,2011,and 2008.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in anyform or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent ofMcGraw Hill LLC,including,but not limited to,in any network or other
3、electronic storage ortransmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Some ancillaries,including electronic and print components,may not be available to customersoutside the United States.This book is printed on acid-free paper.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LCR 24 23 22 21 20ISBN 978-1-260-25831-8(bound edition)
4、MHID 1-260-25831-9(bound edition)ISBN 978-1-260-44655-5(loose-leaf edition)MHID 1-260-44655-7(loose-leaf edition)Portfolio Manager:Beth BettcherProduct Developers:Heather Ervolino and Joan WeberSenior Marketing Manager:Shannon ODonnellContent Project Managers:Jane Mohr and Samantha DonisiBuyer:Susan
5、 K.CulbertsonDesigner:David W.HashContent Licensing Specialist:Lori HancockCover Image:Shutterstock/S.PytelCompositor:Aptara,Inc.All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of thecopyright page.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames:Whit
6、e,Frank M.,author.|Xue,Henry,author.Title:Fluid mechanics/Frank M.White,University of Rhode Island,HenryXue,California State Polytechnic University.Description:Ninth edition.|New York,NY:McGraw-Hill Education,2021|Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers:LCCN 2020040689|ISBN 9781260
7、258318(hardcover)|ISBN9781260446555(spiral bound)|ISBN 9781260446586(ebook)Subjects:LCSH:Fluid mechanics.Classification:LCC TA357.W48 2021|DDC 620.1/06dc23LC record available at https:/lccn.loc.gov/2020040689The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication.The inclu
8、sion of awebsite does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC,and McGraw HillLLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.Page vAbout the AuthorsFrank M.White is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering at the University ofRhode
9、Island.He is a native of Augusta,Georgia,and did his undergraduate studies at Georgia Tech,receiving a B.M.E.degree in 1954.Then he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for anS.M.degree in 1956,returning to Georgia Tech to earn a Ph.D.degree in mechanical engineering in1959.He began te
10、aching aerospace engineering at Georgia Tech in 1957 and moved to the Universityof Rhode Island in 1964.He retired in January 1998.At the University of Rhode Island,Frank became interested in oceanographic and coastal flowproblems,and in 1966 he helped found the first Department of Ocean Engineering
11、 in the UnitedStates.His research interests have mainly been in viscous flow and convection heat transfer.Knownprimarily as a teacher and writer,he received the ASEE Westinghouse Teaching Excellence Award inaddition to seven University of Rhode Island teaching awards.His modest research accomplishme
12、ntsinclude some 80 technical papers and reports,the ASME Lewis F.Moody Research Award in 1973,and the ASME Fluids Engineering Award in 1991.He is a Fellow of the ASME and for 12 years servedas editor-in-chief of the ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering.He received a Distinguished Alumnusaward from Geo
13、rgia Tech in 1990 and was elected to the Academy of Distinguished Georgia TechAlumni in 1994.In addition to the present text,he has written three undergraduate textbooks:Fluid Mechanics;HeatTransfer;and Heat and Mass Transfer.He has served as a consulting editor of the McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Sci
14、ence and Technology from 1992 until 2006,and on the ASME PublicationsCommittee until 2009.He continues to be inspired by his late wife,Jeanne,and lives in Narragansett,Rhode Island,with his dog Jack and his cat Kerry.Henry Xue is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at California State Polytechnic Un
15、iversity.Hereceived his B.S.degree from Jiangsu University in China,and his M.S.and Ph.D.degrees from theUniversity of Tokyo in Japan.Prior to joining California State Polytechnic University in 2000,he wason the mechanical engineering faculty of National University of Singapore.Henry has authored an
16、d coauthored many technical papers in computational fluid mechanics and heattransfer in built environments,microscale gaseous flow modeling and simulation using DSMC,andmicrocombustor and thermophotovoltaic energy systems.He is a member of the American Society ofMechanical Engineers and the American
17、 Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air-ConditioningEngineers.He lives with his wife,Sophia,in Irvine,California.Page viTo JeannePage viiContentsPreface xiChapter 1Introduction 21.1Preliminary Remarks 31.2The Concept of a Fluid 41.3The Fluid as a Continuum 61.4Dimensions and Units 71.5System and C
18、ontrol Volume 161.6Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 181.7Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 251.8Flow Patterns:Streamlines,Pathlines,and Streaklines 411.9Basic Flow Analysis Techniques 441.10The Fundamentals of Engineering(FE)Examination 451.11The History of Fluid Mechanics 46Summary 46Prob
19、lems 47Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 55Comprehensive Problems 55References 58Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 602.1Pressure and Pressure Gradient 612.2Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 632.3Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 642.4Application to Manometry 712.5Hydrostatic Forces on
20、Plane Surfaces 752.6Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 822.7Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 852.8Buoyancy and Stability 882.9Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 932.10Pressure Measurement 101Summary 105Problems 105Word Problems 128Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 128Page viii
21、Comprehensive Problems 129Design Projects 131References 132Chapter 3Integral Relations for a Control Volume 1343.1Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 1353.2The Reynolds Transport Theorem 1393.3Conservation of Mass 1473.4The Linear Momentum Equation 1523.5Frictionless Flow:The Bernoulli Equation 1
22、683.6The Angular Momentum Theorem 1783.7The Energy Equation 184Summary 195Problems 196Word Problems 224Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 224Comprehensive Problems 225Design Project 227References 227Chapter 4Differential Relations for Fluid Flow 2284.1The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 2304.2T
23、he Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 2324.3The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 2384.4The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 2454.5The Differential Equation of Energy 2464.6Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 2494.7The Stream Function 2554.8Vorticity and Irrotationali
24、ty 2624.9Frictionless Irrotational Flows 2644.10Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 270Summary 279Problems 279Word Problems 290Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 291Comprehensive Problems 291References 292Chapter 5Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 2945.1Introduction 2955.2The Pri
25、nciple of Dimensional Homogeneity 2995.3The Pi Theorem 3015.4Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 3125.5Modeling and Similarity 321Summary 333Problems 334Word Problems 342Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 342Comprehensive Problems 343Design Projects 344References 345Chapter 6Viscous
26、Flow in Ducts 3466.1Reynolds Number Regimes 3476.2Internal Viscous Flows 3526.3Head LossThe Friction Factor 3546.4Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow 3566.5Turbulence Modeling 3596.6Turbulent Pipe Flow 3666.7Four Types of Pipe Flow Problems 3746.8Flow in Noncircular Ducts 3806.9Minor or Local Losses i
27、n Pipe Systems 3896.10Multiple-Pipe Systems 3986.11Experimental Duct Flows:Diffuser Performance 4046.12Fluid Meters 409Summary 431Problems 432Word Problems 451Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 451Comprehensive Problems 452Design Projects 454References 455Chapter 7Flow Past Immersed Bodies 45
28、87.1Reynolds Number and Geometry Effects 4597.2Momentum Integral Estimates 4637.3The Boundary Layer Equations 4677.4The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 4697.5Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 4797.6Drag of Two-and Three-Dimensional Bodies 485Page ix7.7Forces on Lifting Bodies 504Summary 513Problems 5
29、14Word Problems 527Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 527Comprehensive Problems 528Design Project 529References 529Chapter 8Potential Flow 5328.1Introduction and Review 5338.2Elementary Plane Flow Solutions 5368.3Superposition of Plane Flow Solutions 5448.4Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes 5
30、508.5Other Plane Potential Flows 5598.6Images 5638.7Airfoil Theory 5668.8Axisymmetric Potential Flow 574Summary 580Problems 580Word Problems 590Comprehensive Problems 590Design Projects 591References 591Chapter 9Compressible Flow 5949.1Introduction:Review of Thermodynamics 5969.2The Speed of Sound 6
31、009.3Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 6039.4Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 6099.5The Normal Shock Wave 6169.6Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 6249.7Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 6299.8Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 6409.9Mach Waves and Oblique Shock Waves 6459.1
32、0PrandtlMeyer Expansion Waves 655Summary 668Problems 669Word Problems 682Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 682Comprehensive Problems 683Design Projects 684References 685Chapter 10Open-Channel Flow 68610.1Introduction 68710.2Uniform Flow;The Chzy Formula and the Manning Formula 69310.3Efficie
33、nt Uniform-Flow Channels 69910.4Specific Energy;Critical Depth 70210.5The Hydraulic Jump 71010.6Gradually Varied Flow 71410.7Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 722Summary 730Problems 730Word Problems 742Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 743Comprehensive Problems 743Design Projects 744Refe
34、rences 744Chapter 11Turbomachinery 74611.1Introduction and Classification 74711.2The Centrifugal Pump 75011.3Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 75611.4Mixed-and Axial-Flow Pumps:The Specific Speed 76711.5Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 77511.6Turbines 782Summary 796Problems 797Wor
35、d Problems 810Comprehensive Problems 810Design Project 812References 812Appendix APhysical Properties of Fluids 814Appendix BCompressible Flow Tables 819Appendix CConversion Factors 826Appendix DEquations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates 828Appendix EEstimating Uncertainty in Experimental Data 8
36、30Appendix FNumerical Methods 832Page xDIGITAL EDITIONAnswers to Selected Problems 846Index 853Conversion Factors 864Moody Chart 866Page xiPage xiiPrefaceGeneral ApproachThe book is intended for an undergraduate engineering course in fluid mechanics.The principlesconsidered in the book are fundament
37、al and have been well established in the community of fluidsengineering.However,in presenting this important subject,we have drawn on our own ideas andexperience.There is plenty of material for a full year of instruction,and the content can also easily bedivided into two semesters of teaching.There
38、have been some additions and deletions in this ninthedition of Fluid Mechanics,but no philosophical change.There are still eleven chapters,plusappendices.The informal,student-oriented style is retained and,if it succeeds,has the flavor of aninteractive lecture by the authors.New co-author Dr.Henry X
39、ue was brought on board for this edition.Learning ToolsThe total number of problem exercises continues to increase,from 1089 in the first edition,to 1681 inthe ninth edition.Most of these are basic end-of-chapter problems,sorted according to topic.There arealso Word Problems,multiple-choice Fundamen
40、tals of Engineering Problems,ComprehensiveProblems,and Design Projects.Answers to Selected Problems,at the end of the book,provides theanswers to approximately 700 end-of-chapter problems.In addition,there are many example problems throughout the chapters that showcase therecommended sequence of pro
41、blem-solving steps outlined in Section 1.7.Most of the problems in this text can be solved with a hand calculator.Some can even be simplyexplained in words.A few problems,especially in Chapters 6,7,9,and 10,involve solving complicatedalgebraic expressions,that would be laborious for hand calculation
42、 but can be much more easilyhandled using licensed equation-solving software.The authors have provided examples of how to solvecomplicated example problems using Microsoft Excel,as illustrated in Example 6.5.Excel containsseveral hundred special mathematical functions for performing engineering and
43、statistics calculations.Content ChangesThe overall content and order of presentation have not changed substantially in this edition except forthe following:Chapter 1 renames Section 1.5“System and Control Volume.”Definitions of system andcontrol volume,which formerly were scattered over many chapter
44、s,are now consolidated in thissection.A new subheading,“Methods of Description,”has been added.The Lagrangian and Eulerianmethods of description have been moved here from Chapter 4.Discussions of velocity andPage xiiiacceleration fields are retained as examples of using the control volume approach w
45、ith the Eulerianmethod of description.The section“Flow Patterns:Streamlines,Streaklines,and Pathlines,”formerlySection 1.9,has been moved forward as Section 1.8 for better continuity in the introduction of fluidand flow systems.A new subsection,“Integral and Differential Approaches,”has been added t
46、o thenew Section 1.9,“Basic Flow Analysis Techniques.”Chapter 2 edits descriptions in Section 2.4,“Application to Mamometry,”using the methods of“pressure increasing downward”and“jump across”typically.The coordinates for Figure 2.2 have beenreset to be consistent with Figure 2.1.Figure 2.12 has been
47、 replaced with a new figure to betterillustrate the pressure distribution on a submerged surface.Chapter 3 adds three subheadings to elaborate areas where the linear momentum equation can beapplied.Example 3.7 has been rewritten to better demonstrate how to solve the anchoring forces on apiping elbo
48、w.Brief discussions have been added to examples of the sluice gate and impinging jet withrelative velocity for an inertial,moving,and nondeforming control volume.Chapter 4 adds the constant heat flux boundary condition to the energy equation.Inlet and outletboundary conditions are separated because
49、the free-flow conditions are more common at the outlet.New Example 4.10 investigates the rotation of a Couette flow and a“potential vortex”flow.Chapter 5 carries the topics of Section 5.2 the choice of variables and scaling parameters intoSection 5.3 to make it easier for students to follow the argu
50、ments.The topic“Some PeculiarEngineering Equations”has been removed from Section 5.2 because most of those equations will beintroduced in Chapter 10.In Chapter 6,Section 6.2 has been retitled“Internal Viscous Flow.”Brief discussions have been addedto four types of pipe flow problems to guide student